The Greatest Fear of Flat Earthers is Sphere Itself!
The Flat Earth Conjecture is FLAT WRONG!!
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As a physicist that taught physics for 5 years, the flat earth is just a make-believe concept, but one that has a large cult following... But hey to each their own, if it makes them happy to believe in a Santa Claus version of planet earth, then I respect everyone's free will and free speech. But at LEAST try to wake up from this delusion by looking at the obvious truth that the earth is a sphere (technically an oblate spheroid).
I have seen now almost all of the flat earth arguments. I have cringed my way through several hours of their explanations. Give them credit, they come up with a lot of clever (but incorrect in the end) arguments for the unsuspecting mind. And they prey upon the distrust of government and NASA, etc. My prediction is that very soon, the coming high altitude launches to space open to the public will dispel beyond any doubt the earth is a sphere and the flat earth will be laughed away into oblivion. Also high altitude supersonic flights at 60,000 feet are coming soon (google "boom" the new Concorde), again spelling doom for flat-earthers as 60,000 feet the curvature is obvious.
The people that could afford to pay $250,000 for a Virgin Galactic seat saw this curvature very clearly (as have space station, space shuttle, and other astronauts have for 60 years now).
I have a military friend that has flown very high altitude flights and you can see the curvature. Actually it becomes evident as low as 40,000 feet on a very clear day, but you need a wide view.
I have seen now almost all of the flat earth arguments. I have cringed my way through several hours of their explanations. Give them credit, they come up with a lot of clever (but incorrect in the end) arguments for the unsuspecting mind. And they prey upon the distrust of government and NASA, etc. My prediction is that very soon, the coming high altitude launches to space open to the public will dispel beyond any doubt the earth is a sphere and the flat earth will be laughed away into oblivion. Also high altitude supersonic flights at 60,000 feet are coming soon (google "boom" the new Concorde), again spelling doom for flat-earthers as 60,000 feet the curvature is obvious.
The people that could afford to pay $250,000 for a Virgin Galactic seat saw this curvature very clearly (as have space station, space shuttle, and other astronauts have for 60 years now).
I have a military friend that has flown very high altitude flights and you can see the curvature. Actually it becomes evident as low as 40,000 feet on a very clear day, but you need a wide view.
Most people (especially flat earthers), do not seem to understand how BIG the earth is, which is why it is hard to see the curvature side to side across the horizon even on a commercial jet (but it is there).
To get a sense for the immensity in size, consider that from the deep point in the Mariana Trench to the top of Mount Everest is a total of 12.5 miles (Mariana is 7 miles deep, and Everest is 5.5 miles high).
Now 12.5 miles is about 1.5 thousandth length of the diameter earth which is 7917 miles in diameter. So that means all the water in the oceans is not really that much as shown here AND the smoothness of the earth as a whole is almost as smooth as a billiard ball (based on their listed tolerances). So if you could pick the earth up with your hands, it would be like a billiard ball in smoothness with a tiny film of water over it (very tiny film).
So the world appears to our senses as locally flat, but that is only because the earth is so big. We don't live on a flat earth, we live on a gigantic six sextillion ton, 8000 mile diameter sphere (oblate spheroid) that appears flat locally only because it is so big globally.
To get a sense for the immensity in size, consider that from the deep point in the Mariana Trench to the top of Mount Everest is a total of 12.5 miles (Mariana is 7 miles deep, and Everest is 5.5 miles high).
Now 12.5 miles is about 1.5 thousandth length of the diameter earth which is 7917 miles in diameter. So that means all the water in the oceans is not really that much as shown here AND the smoothness of the earth as a whole is almost as smooth as a billiard ball (based on their listed tolerances). So if you could pick the earth up with your hands, it would be like a billiard ball in smoothness with a tiny film of water over it (very tiny film).
So the world appears to our senses as locally flat, but that is only because the earth is so big. We don't live on a flat earth, we live on a gigantic six sextillion ton, 8000 mile diameter sphere (oblate spheroid) that appears flat locally only because it is so big globally.
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Seeing the Curve - No Better Evidence than Direct Observation
Visual daytime observations show that the minimum altitude at which curvature of the horizon can be detected is at or slightly below 35,000 ft, providing that the field of view is wide (60°) and nearly cloud free. Photographs purporting to show the curvature of the Earth are always suspect because virtually all camera lenses project an image that suffers from barrel distortion. To accurately assess curvature from a photograph, the horizon must be placed precisely in the center of the image, i.e., on the optical axis.
First Image of a Curved Earth - Look Closely!!
The first direct visual detection of the curvature of the horizon has been widely attributed to Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer on 27 May 1931. They reported seeing it from a hydrogen-filled balloon at an elevation of 15,787 m (51,783 ft) over Germany and Austria. On 11 November 1935, Albert W. Stevens and Orville A. Anderson became the first people to photograph the curvature. They were flying in the helium-filled Explorer II balloon during a record-breaking flight to an altitude of 22,066 m (72,395 ft) over South Dakota. Other claims have been made as to being the first to see the curvature of the Earth, but they seem to have come long after visual curvature had been established.
The first direct visual detection of the curvature of the horizon has been widely attributed to Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer on 27 May 1931. They reported seeing it from a hydrogen-filled balloon at an elevation of 15,787 m (51,783 ft) over Germany and Austria. On 11 November 1935, Albert W. Stevens and Orville A. Anderson became the first people to photograph the curvature. They were flying in the helium-filled Explorer II balloon during a record-breaking flight to an altitude of 22,066 m (72,395 ft) over South Dakota. Other claims have been made as to being the first to see the curvature of the Earth, but they seem to have come long after visual curvature had been established.
Coming Boom Supersonic Planes Will Spell Doom for Flat Earthers
Interviews with pilots and high-elevation travelers revealed that few if any could detect curvature below about 50; 000 ft. High-altitude physicist and experienced sky observer David Gutierrez reported that as his B-57 ascends, the curvature of the horizon does not become readily sensible until about 50,000 ft and that at 60,000 ft the curvature is obvious. Having talked to many other high fliers (SR-71, U2, etc.), Gutierrez confirms that his sense of the curvature is the same as theirs.
Passengers on the Concorde(60,000 ft) routinely marveled at the curvature of the Earth. Gutierrez believes that if the field of view (FOV) is wide enough, it might be possible to detect curvature from lower altitudes. He has also talked to many commercial pilots, and they report that from elevations around 35,000 ft, they cannot see the curvature. Interestingly, since the demise of Concorde in 2000 resulting from a crash, the flat earth movement has grown considerably because currently no accessible commercial airline flies high enough to clearly see the earth's curvature.
Boom Airplanes - The NEXT Concorde is coming soon and it will be D-Day is for Flat Earthers!!!
High altitude supersonic jets are going to be available soon for the public. Even United Airlines has recently purchased 15 Boom high altitude supersonic airplanes. At 60,000 feet the curvature CAN be seen!!!
Passengers on the Concorde(60,000 ft) routinely marveled at the curvature of the Earth. Gutierrez believes that if the field of view (FOV) is wide enough, it might be possible to detect curvature from lower altitudes. He has also talked to many commercial pilots, and they report that from elevations around 35,000 ft, they cannot see the curvature. Interestingly, since the demise of Concorde in 2000 resulting from a crash, the flat earth movement has grown considerably because currently no accessible commercial airline flies high enough to clearly see the earth's curvature.
Boom Airplanes - The NEXT Concorde is coming soon and it will be D-Day is for Flat Earthers!!!
High altitude supersonic jets are going to be available soon for the public. Even United Airlines has recently purchased 15 Boom high altitude supersonic airplanes. At 60,000 feet the curvature CAN be seen!!!
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Problems in seeing the Earths Curvature (it is much harder then you think).
When trying to understand the perception of a curved horizon, two issues must be kept in mind.
First, a large fraction of people wear eye glasses.
Eye glasses produce a variety of distortions when the observer is not looking through the center part
of the lens. Second, above the altitude of Mt. Everest, no observer can look directly at the horizon—he must look through a window or canopy. Plane parallel windows like those on most aircraft will not render a flat horizon curved, but a curved window
or canopy will.
Care must be taken to place the perceived horizon precisely at the center of the frame or there with be distortions!
So this is one thing that flat earthers do get right. Photographs purporting to show the curvature of the Earth are always suspect because virtually all camera lenses project an image that suffers from barrel distortion. But THIS ERROR GOES BOTH WAYS AS THIS IMAGE above depicts, so you can ALSO make the earth appear flat or even hyperbolic from faulty photography. Flat earthers love to cherry pick images that give distortions resulting in flat earth but will throw away inverted curvature renderings, because no one believes the earth is curved up. Watch the video below to TRULY see how cameras and photos can be deceiving (again applies to both sides).
Great research paper that goes over all this (link below):
http://thulescientific.com/Lynch%20Curvature%202008.pdf
This clip below shows the DECEPTION of flat earth claims that the horizon is flat at 100,000 feet!!
When trying to understand the perception of a curved horizon, two issues must be kept in mind.
First, a large fraction of people wear eye glasses.
Eye glasses produce a variety of distortions when the observer is not looking through the center part
of the lens. Second, above the altitude of Mt. Everest, no observer can look directly at the horizon—he must look through a window or canopy. Plane parallel windows like those on most aircraft will not render a flat horizon curved, but a curved window
or canopy will.
Care must be taken to place the perceived horizon precisely at the center of the frame or there with be distortions!
So this is one thing that flat earthers do get right. Photographs purporting to show the curvature of the Earth are always suspect because virtually all camera lenses project an image that suffers from barrel distortion. But THIS ERROR GOES BOTH WAYS AS THIS IMAGE above depicts, so you can ALSO make the earth appear flat or even hyperbolic from faulty photography. Flat earthers love to cherry pick images that give distortions resulting in flat earth but will throw away inverted curvature renderings, because no one believes the earth is curved up. Watch the video below to TRULY see how cameras and photos can be deceiving (again applies to both sides).
Great research paper that goes over all this (link below):
http://thulescientific.com/Lynch%20Curvature%202008.pdf
This clip below shows the DECEPTION of flat earth claims that the horizon is flat at 100,000 feet!!
Introduction
Whether the earth is flat or round, we should be able to demonstrate it, and show how all astronomical phenomena make sense in one model versus the other.
Let's go through some of these phenomena and put them into context. First let's look at the celestial sphere and things we can easily observe. We look up and see stars and planets going around.
The flat earth model says we stay still while everything goes around us, and the round earth model says we rotate which causes the apparent motion of objects in the sky. At face value with no investigation, these are two completely valid hypotheses.
What are some details we notice about the celestial sphere and certain earthly phenomena?
We all experience night and day, alternating periods of light and dark that change over time. We can see the ecliptic. This is the part of the sky that traces the sun's path throughout the year as well as the paths of all the planets. The path of the sun follows a slowly tilting pattern that lasts one year. One year also outlines the seasons. These seasons go a particular way in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite way in the Southern Hemisphere. There exists a phenomena called the Coriolis effect, where rotating masses like storms rotate in one direction in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite direction in the Southern Hemisphere. Each Hemisphere also sees an entirely different collection of stars. We all see the same side of the moon no matter where we are on earth.
This is just a handful of the observations we can make that MUST be explained because we can all observe them with our own eyes.
It turns out that ALL we need to assume is the Earth is roughly spherical spinning on an axis tilted somewhat from the vertical and going around the sun just like all the other planets.
Let's go through some of these phenomena and put them into context. First let's look at the celestial sphere and things we can easily observe. We look up and see stars and planets going around.
The flat earth model says we stay still while everything goes around us, and the round earth model says we rotate which causes the apparent motion of objects in the sky. At face value with no investigation, these are two completely valid hypotheses.
What are some details we notice about the celestial sphere and certain earthly phenomena?
We all experience night and day, alternating periods of light and dark that change over time. We can see the ecliptic. This is the part of the sky that traces the sun's path throughout the year as well as the paths of all the planets. The path of the sun follows a slowly tilting pattern that lasts one year. One year also outlines the seasons. These seasons go a particular way in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite way in the Southern Hemisphere. There exists a phenomena called the Coriolis effect, where rotating masses like storms rotate in one direction in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite direction in the Southern Hemisphere. Each Hemisphere also sees an entirely different collection of stars. We all see the same side of the moon no matter where we are on earth.
This is just a handful of the observations we can make that MUST be explained because we can all observe them with our own eyes.
It turns out that ALL we need to assume is the Earth is roughly spherical spinning on an axis tilted somewhat from the vertical and going around the sun just like all the other planets.
We all experience night and day, alternating periods of light and dark that change over time. We can see the ecliptic. This is the part of the sky that traces the sun's path throughout the year as well as the paths of all the planets. The path of the sun follows a slowly tilting pattern that lasts one year. One year also outlines the seasons. These seasons go a particular way in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite way in the Southern Hemisphere.
The convincing argument for the scientifically accepted heliocentric model is that with this model ALL the observations FALL INTO PLACE!!
1) As earth rotates it's daytime when facing the sun and nighttime when facing away from the sun.
2) The apparent motion of all these celestial objects utilizes elliptical paths and therefore can be predicted.
3) The seasons occur because of the amount of sunlight hitting one hemisphere versus the other at any given time in earth's orbit.
4) One year is no longer an arbitrary amount of time, it is equal to one trip around the sun and the differing lengths of night and day are also explained by the tilt in the rotational axis.
5) The Coriolis Effect is just the result of simple physics related to rotating bodies like the earth.
6) The two hemispheres have show different stars at night because they point out at different regions of space.
When we say the earth is round and spinning on its axis, and put the sun at the center of all this motion, not only are all these phenomena easy to explain, even to a lay person, but predictions can be made.
For example, In 2017 a total solar eclipse occurred over the United States. Using a modern understanding of astronomy we can do math to predict any such event, like eclipses, the return of Haley's comet, or anything else. This is done very simply with the sun at the center, and using Kepler's laws regarding elliptical orbits which involve basic algebra accessible to anyone. Only in this model is the math so easy.
So when we operate under THIS framework, and say that a solar eclipse is going to happen at this time, on this day, in this place and then IT DOES match our prediction, with extreme precision, time and time again! This is what good theories do, they are based on observations anyone can make and verify, AND they can make ACCURATE predictions about the universe we live in. The flat earth model has no cohesive theory with any kind of equations at ALL, it is just a bunch of magic and hocus pocus that tries to force-fit its faulty model with the reality everyone knows with explanations that go BEYOND ridiculous!! They resort to a large collection of ad hoc ideas to deperately try to make it work. But usually they deflect from their flawed model altogether and try to pick apart the heliocentric model with wild and incorrect specious explanations. Give them credit, they come up with some really wild and imaginative stuff, like the ice wall of Antartica, being guarded by NASA/governments that is guarding a whole vast world beyond the wall of virgin land containing untold resources like food, land, water, oil, etc. It reminds one of the great imagination of J.R.R. Tolkien and his maps of middle earth and many realms. But like Tolkien it is all a work of fiction, even if beautiful and inspiring (at times).
Let's review the flat earth model as THEY explain it. NOTE: because not all flat earthers can agree on what mythology to use, this might be objectionable to some flat earth sects.
1) As earth rotates it's daytime when facing the sun and nighttime when facing away from the sun.
2) The apparent motion of all these celestial objects utilizes elliptical paths and therefore can be predicted.
3) The seasons occur because of the amount of sunlight hitting one hemisphere versus the other at any given time in earth's orbit.
4) One year is no longer an arbitrary amount of time, it is equal to one trip around the sun and the differing lengths of night and day are also explained by the tilt in the rotational axis.
5) The Coriolis Effect is just the result of simple physics related to rotating bodies like the earth.
6) The two hemispheres have show different stars at night because they point out at different regions of space.
When we say the earth is round and spinning on its axis, and put the sun at the center of all this motion, not only are all these phenomena easy to explain, even to a lay person, but predictions can be made.
For example, In 2017 a total solar eclipse occurred over the United States. Using a modern understanding of astronomy we can do math to predict any such event, like eclipses, the return of Haley's comet, or anything else. This is done very simply with the sun at the center, and using Kepler's laws regarding elliptical orbits which involve basic algebra accessible to anyone. Only in this model is the math so easy.
So when we operate under THIS framework, and say that a solar eclipse is going to happen at this time, on this day, in this place and then IT DOES match our prediction, with extreme precision, time and time again! This is what good theories do, they are based on observations anyone can make and verify, AND they can make ACCURATE predictions about the universe we live in. The flat earth model has no cohesive theory with any kind of equations at ALL, it is just a bunch of magic and hocus pocus that tries to force-fit its faulty model with the reality everyone knows with explanations that go BEYOND ridiculous!! They resort to a large collection of ad hoc ideas to deperately try to make it work. But usually they deflect from their flawed model altogether and try to pick apart the heliocentric model with wild and incorrect specious explanations. Give them credit, they come up with some really wild and imaginative stuff, like the ice wall of Antartica, being guarded by NASA/governments that is guarding a whole vast world beyond the wall of virgin land containing untold resources like food, land, water, oil, etc. It reminds one of the great imagination of J.R.R. Tolkien and his maps of middle earth and many realms. But like Tolkien it is all a work of fiction, even if beautiful and inspiring (at times).
Let's review the flat earth model as THEY explain it. NOTE: because not all flat earthers can agree on what mythology to use, this might be objectionable to some flat earth sects.
Flat Earth Doctrine in a Nutshell - Please really ponder how ludicrous this is!!
1. A map of the Earth looks like this.
The Earth is a circular disc, surrounded by an ice wall at Antarctica.
It seems to me that somebody once came across an Equidistant Azimuthal Projection of the Earth, and thought that this was the real thing! This map is indeed a legitimate projection of the spherical Earth, but that is all it is: a projection. I wonder if most naive flat earth believers realize the map the Flat earth priests share is a projection of the 3D earth we know onto 2 dimensions. Such a map will never have a scale of measurement because it will never be accurate for long distances being a 3D projection onto 2D.
This means of course that distances in what we call the southern hemisphere are wildly exaggerated, causing the speed of commercial aircraft to have to necessarily exceed twice the speed of sound in order to cover a flight like Sydney-Santiago in about 15 hours! Also we know Australia is not wider than the U.S.
2. There is a worldwide conspiracy by 'the powers that be' to keep this information from us. We have been lied to all the time. Millions of workers have been paid full salary for at least 50 years to keep us from knowing the earth is flat, and a magical realm beyond the icewall with untold resources is being kept from us.
3. Depending on the source there is a glass-like dome over the entire flat Earth. (the "firmament") The fact that we sometimes get hit by meteorites is usually conveniently ignored.
4. The sun and the moon are very small, in fact about the same size, and move on circular paths, and not very high ( 3000 km ?) above the flat Earth. The sun completes one revolution per day on circles that move between the tropics throughout the year.( note: the tropics and the equator are circles on the flat Earth).There is no real explanation on what force is holding the sun and the moon up.
The Earth is a circular disc, surrounded by an ice wall at Antarctica.
It seems to me that somebody once came across an Equidistant Azimuthal Projection of the Earth, and thought that this was the real thing! This map is indeed a legitimate projection of the spherical Earth, but that is all it is: a projection. I wonder if most naive flat earth believers realize the map the Flat earth priests share is a projection of the 3D earth we know onto 2 dimensions. Such a map will never have a scale of measurement because it will never be accurate for long distances being a 3D projection onto 2D.
This means of course that distances in what we call the southern hemisphere are wildly exaggerated, causing the speed of commercial aircraft to have to necessarily exceed twice the speed of sound in order to cover a flight like Sydney-Santiago in about 15 hours! Also we know Australia is not wider than the U.S.
2. There is a worldwide conspiracy by 'the powers that be' to keep this information from us. We have been lied to all the time. Millions of workers have been paid full salary for at least 50 years to keep us from knowing the earth is flat, and a magical realm beyond the icewall with untold resources is being kept from us.
3. Depending on the source there is a glass-like dome over the entire flat Earth. (the "firmament") The fact that we sometimes get hit by meteorites is usually conveniently ignored.
4. The sun and the moon are very small, in fact about the same size, and move on circular paths, and not very high ( 3000 km ?) above the flat Earth. The sun completes one revolution per day on circles that move between the tropics throughout the year.( note: the tropics and the equator are circles on the flat Earth).There is no real explanation on what force is holding the sun and the moon up.
5. Permanent summer sunlight and permanent darkness inside the north Arctic circle is acknowledged, but there is no such thing below the south Arctic circle. ("No permanent daylight on Antarctica")
6. There is no such thing as 'space'. We have never been to the moon. Satellites don't exist, including the ISS which anyone can see with a cheap telescope. Pictures from Earth taken from orbit are all fake, photoshopped by NASA.
7. There is no curvature of the Earth. Ships disappearing hull-first on the horizon can be brought back into view with the proper telescopic camera (which is provably false but again these are their assertions).
8. Gravity does not exist ("it's just a theory"). The fact that we can keep our feet firmly on the ground is explained by 'density': just as things that are "denser" than water will sink, we stay on the ground because we are denser than air.
9. The Earth is fixed and immobile. If it were a spinning globe, the water in the seas would fly off like water flying off like a wet spinning tennis ball.
10. For some of the flat Earth believers, all of the above must be true as they somehow read this in their Bible or Quran. (Although all apps and websites that help Muslims find the Qibla, the direction towards Mecca for their daily prayers, are based on a spherical Earth: they calculate the great circles between any location on Earth and Mecca)
11. There is no such thing as a Coriolis force. Things like the Aurora Borealis are conveniently ignored. Being a plasma the moon gives off its own cold light, it is not a reflection of the sun's light!
12. It is proposed that Antarctica is actually a huge ice wall. Maybe even a whole other world on the other side (this is becoming more and more popular with flat earthers). But no one can go there because NASA and/or the shadow govenment of the world is guarding it. But How? There is no evidence of large scale surveillance and besides, people take cruises to Antartica all the time and many companies even offer trips to the South pole?
13. We cannot go any higher than 7000 miles or so because that is the edge of the "Dome". So because of that, NASA had to of faked the moon landing and also fabricates the photos from space, but again how? We have had photos of the earth since the 60's which predates computer editing software by several decades. The logical hole gets deeper and deeper because it is impossible to form a consistent framework for these observations, the model must turn to conspiracy.
And sadly this is what happens when you try to talk or debate a flat earther, it quickly gets emotional and heated because it is so illogical, so they have to resort to NASA conspiracy, outdated biblical maps not even the church believed, and ridiculous experiments most of which were set forth by the modern Flat Earth father Samuel Rowbotham and his Zetetic Astronomy.
6. There is no such thing as 'space'. We have never been to the moon. Satellites don't exist, including the ISS which anyone can see with a cheap telescope. Pictures from Earth taken from orbit are all fake, photoshopped by NASA.
7. There is no curvature of the Earth. Ships disappearing hull-first on the horizon can be brought back into view with the proper telescopic camera (which is provably false but again these are their assertions).
8. Gravity does not exist ("it's just a theory"). The fact that we can keep our feet firmly on the ground is explained by 'density': just as things that are "denser" than water will sink, we stay on the ground because we are denser than air.
9. The Earth is fixed and immobile. If it were a spinning globe, the water in the seas would fly off like water flying off like a wet spinning tennis ball.
10. For some of the flat Earth believers, all of the above must be true as they somehow read this in their Bible or Quran. (Although all apps and websites that help Muslims find the Qibla, the direction towards Mecca for their daily prayers, are based on a spherical Earth: they calculate the great circles between any location on Earth and Mecca)
11. There is no such thing as a Coriolis force. Things like the Aurora Borealis are conveniently ignored. Being a plasma the moon gives off its own cold light, it is not a reflection of the sun's light!
12. It is proposed that Antarctica is actually a huge ice wall. Maybe even a whole other world on the other side (this is becoming more and more popular with flat earthers). But no one can go there because NASA and/or the shadow govenment of the world is guarding it. But How? There is no evidence of large scale surveillance and besides, people take cruises to Antartica all the time and many companies even offer trips to the South pole?
13. We cannot go any higher than 7000 miles or so because that is the edge of the "Dome". So because of that, NASA had to of faked the moon landing and also fabricates the photos from space, but again how? We have had photos of the earth since the 60's which predates computer editing software by several decades. The logical hole gets deeper and deeper because it is impossible to form a consistent framework for these observations, the model must turn to conspiracy.
And sadly this is what happens when you try to talk or debate a flat earther, it quickly gets emotional and heated because it is so illogical, so they have to resort to NASA conspiracy, outdated biblical maps not even the church believed, and ridiculous experiments most of which were set forth by the modern Flat Earth father Samuel Rowbotham and his Zetetic Astronomy.
In the flat earth model, most or all of these observations require their own separate explanations and not of them fit into anything even remotely resembling a cohesive model. For example, their explanations of the day and night cycles and seasons are in direct conflict with each other, as we'll see.
The flat earth model has a huge laundry list of things to explain besides what has been mentioned so far.
1) Everything we see in space is a sphere. Why is earth the only thing that isn't?
2) Things fall to the earth because of gravity, which attracts things to earth's center of mass. If earth is not a sphere, why do things fall to the earth??
Ad hoc solutions are offered like buoyancy, density or even earth going up 9.8 m/s^2 (which means we would be moving the speed of light by now - and what is moving it??).
3) How do we slice up the globe to make it flat? What places are far away that we thought are close? How is it possible to fly or sail around the world which has been done by so many people? Where is the edge of the earth? Why hasn't anyone seen it? What about all the pictures we have of the earth from space? How can you explain why everyone sees the same side of the moon? How can you explain why each hemisphere has a totally different set of stars and constellations the rotate in opposite directions are two very different pole stars that cannot be seen from the other hemisphere, etc etc etc.
Ad hoc solutions are required and flat earthers have such unscientific and provably incorrect answers for almost everything. Again give them credit, they are wildly imaginative in there explanations.
And for emphasis, if the sun is at the center of the solar system the planets around the sun form very simple ellipses and Kepler laws predict the positions of planets with much better accuracy and precision than any previous model. When the world is round, everything fits.
In contrast the Flat earth model has to come up with ad hoc modifications to explain every observation in a different way. All these problems simply vanish with a flat earth. The earth is round and what we see makes perfect sense.
We can predict the position of any object in space at any time with great precision FAR into the future!!! We can say that an eclipse will happen at a particular day, at a particular time in a particular local with precision. This is essence of good science.
A model or theory that correlates mountains of data, to form a simple and cohesive explanation for observations and makes falsifiable predictions. If a model cannot do that it is not scientific and because the flat earth model simply does NOT hold up to scrutiny, it must be discarded as it was for a majority of the human race a couple thousand years ago!
The flat earth model has a huge laundry list of things to explain besides what has been mentioned so far.
1) Everything we see in space is a sphere. Why is earth the only thing that isn't?
2) Things fall to the earth because of gravity, which attracts things to earth's center of mass. If earth is not a sphere, why do things fall to the earth??
Ad hoc solutions are offered like buoyancy, density or even earth going up 9.8 m/s^2 (which means we would be moving the speed of light by now - and what is moving it??).
3) How do we slice up the globe to make it flat? What places are far away that we thought are close? How is it possible to fly or sail around the world which has been done by so many people? Where is the edge of the earth? Why hasn't anyone seen it? What about all the pictures we have of the earth from space? How can you explain why everyone sees the same side of the moon? How can you explain why each hemisphere has a totally different set of stars and constellations the rotate in opposite directions are two very different pole stars that cannot be seen from the other hemisphere, etc etc etc.
Ad hoc solutions are required and flat earthers have such unscientific and provably incorrect answers for almost everything. Again give them credit, they are wildly imaginative in there explanations.
And for emphasis, if the sun is at the center of the solar system the planets around the sun form very simple ellipses and Kepler laws predict the positions of planets with much better accuracy and precision than any previous model. When the world is round, everything fits.
In contrast the Flat earth model has to come up with ad hoc modifications to explain every observation in a different way. All these problems simply vanish with a flat earth. The earth is round and what we see makes perfect sense.
We can predict the position of any object in space at any time with great precision FAR into the future!!! We can say that an eclipse will happen at a particular day, at a particular time in a particular local with precision. This is essence of good science.
A model or theory that correlates mountains of data, to form a simple and cohesive explanation for observations and makes falsifiable predictions. If a model cannot do that it is not scientific and because the flat earth model simply does NOT hold up to scrutiny, it must be discarded as it was for a majority of the human race a couple thousand years ago!
Scientific Method
It wasn't until Francis Bacon and Galileo in the 1600's where the idea that if you are going to say something, and you think what you are saying is true, than no matter how obvious you think it is true, you should still test it.
There could be something fooling you in one way or another. So if you want to say the earth is flat, than you have to let your idea be tested by others. That is, your theory has to be falsifiable. It turns out a flat earth is EASILY proved to be false. And it is proven false in MANY ways. As such, than it is disproven and NOT a valid theory and should be discarded.
Independent confirmation - no scientific claim comes from a single observer or a single observation. Science demands observations are independently confirmed. All those flat earth laser experiments and videos of things hidden from site are done by one person or team with endless numbers of ways they can be deceiving the viewer. For example, incorrectly reporting the actual distances, heights, refraction index, etc etc. If you do such a video, you need to clearly lay out a prescription for anyone else to validate your results. Flat earthers rarely if even do this!
The Heliocentric and spherical model is correct model because it perfectly explains all observations, experiments and measurements that have been performed by literally thousands of people and scientists over the last four centuries!
Another problem talking to Flat earthers is that they have an endless list of talking points all of which are a distraction from the FACT that they have no consistent and unifying model. If you tell them something obviously wrong about their model, they deflect to something else, get emotional, or say something like, you need to watch this video and you'll see etc. But the elephant in the flat earth room is there is no such thing as a flat earth model that can make any predictions about the reality we live in ... at all!
Science is not doctrine. Even as early as high school students do experiments to determine how things work... Take measurements and personally derive the equations physics already now. Making predictions.
A Good Theory Can Make Predictions
A good theory can make predictions. Ask a flat earther if there model can predict the motion of the planets, the phases of the moon, the tides, precide time and location of eclipses ON AND ON AND ON!! Good luck getting an answer.
Flat Earthers will brag that their model has varying opinions allowing people more freedom to choose. They claim (incorrectly) the the Scientism model is rigid and everyone is taught and indoctrinated the same thing. But that is showing a gross LACK of understanding of the scientific method. I used to teach physics and we do lab experiments so students can see for themselves like the laws of physics are the way they are. Everyone is observing and learning the same laws because that is what is SEEN in Nature BY EVERYONE! It is not indoctrination, it is called REALITY!! Any theory that has conflicting models (which flat earth does with Gravity as one example) is a theory that is inconsistent and contradicting itself which is NOT A GOOD THING.
Aside: We need to understand what it means in science to be a theory.
No scientific theory can ever be proven right. They can only be proven wrong. This leaves an open door for a better theory to come along. Nothing is gospel and blindly accepted as true in the pure sciences.
A scientific theory also means it hasn't been falsified, despite a great many attempts. The Heliocentric model has stood the test of time and has never been falsified up to present.
Flat earth is easily falsified, it was falsified LONG AGO!!
So it is what is called a rejected Hypothesis, because it never reached the status a valid theory that can be tested scientifically. It started as a hypothesis, but as it was falsified, it became a rejected hypothesis. The fact so many are clinging to an invalid model of reality is really sad, hence the motivation for me writing all this that will hopefully help flat earthers see the light using real science and let go of this dated and incorrect model of our world and universe.
It wasn't until Francis Bacon and Galileo in the 1600's where the idea that if you are going to say something, and you think what you are saying is true, than no matter how obvious you think it is true, you should still test it.
There could be something fooling you in one way or another. So if you want to say the earth is flat, than you have to let your idea be tested by others. That is, your theory has to be falsifiable. It turns out a flat earth is EASILY proved to be false. And it is proven false in MANY ways. As such, than it is disproven and NOT a valid theory and should be discarded.
Independent confirmation - no scientific claim comes from a single observer or a single observation. Science demands observations are independently confirmed. All those flat earth laser experiments and videos of things hidden from site are done by one person or team with endless numbers of ways they can be deceiving the viewer. For example, incorrectly reporting the actual distances, heights, refraction index, etc etc. If you do such a video, you need to clearly lay out a prescription for anyone else to validate your results. Flat earthers rarely if even do this!
The Heliocentric and spherical model is correct model because it perfectly explains all observations, experiments and measurements that have been performed by literally thousands of people and scientists over the last four centuries!
Another problem talking to Flat earthers is that they have an endless list of talking points all of which are a distraction from the FACT that they have no consistent and unifying model. If you tell them something obviously wrong about their model, they deflect to something else, get emotional, or say something like, you need to watch this video and you'll see etc. But the elephant in the flat earth room is there is no such thing as a flat earth model that can make any predictions about the reality we live in ... at all!
Science is not doctrine. Even as early as high school students do experiments to determine how things work... Take measurements and personally derive the equations physics already now. Making predictions.
A Good Theory Can Make Predictions
A good theory can make predictions. Ask a flat earther if there model can predict the motion of the planets, the phases of the moon, the tides, precide time and location of eclipses ON AND ON AND ON!! Good luck getting an answer.
Flat Earthers will brag that their model has varying opinions allowing people more freedom to choose. They claim (incorrectly) the the Scientism model is rigid and everyone is taught and indoctrinated the same thing. But that is showing a gross LACK of understanding of the scientific method. I used to teach physics and we do lab experiments so students can see for themselves like the laws of physics are the way they are. Everyone is observing and learning the same laws because that is what is SEEN in Nature BY EVERYONE! It is not indoctrination, it is called REALITY!! Any theory that has conflicting models (which flat earth does with Gravity as one example) is a theory that is inconsistent and contradicting itself which is NOT A GOOD THING.
Aside: We need to understand what it means in science to be a theory.
No scientific theory can ever be proven right. They can only be proven wrong. This leaves an open door for a better theory to come along. Nothing is gospel and blindly accepted as true in the pure sciences.
A scientific theory also means it hasn't been falsified, despite a great many attempts. The Heliocentric model has stood the test of time and has never been falsified up to present.
Flat earth is easily falsified, it was falsified LONG AGO!!
So it is what is called a rejected Hypothesis, because it never reached the status a valid theory that can be tested scientifically. It started as a hypothesis, but as it was falsified, it became a rejected hypothesis. The fact so many are clinging to an invalid model of reality is really sad, hence the motivation for me writing all this that will hopefully help flat earthers see the light using real science and let go of this dated and incorrect model of our world and universe.
First Proof of a Spherical Earth - Eratosthenes shadow experiments in ancient Greece (we have known earth is not flat since 200 BCE).
If you stick a stick in the (sticky) ground, it will produce a shadow. The shadow moves as time passes (which is the principle for ancient Shadow Clocks). If the world had been flat, then two sticks in different locations would produce the same shadow.
Imagine the Sun’s rays (represented by yellow lines) hitting two sticks (white lines) some distance apart. If the Earth were flat, the resulting shadows would be the same length, no matter how far apart you place the sticks (Below LEFT).
But they don’t. This is because the Earth is round, and not flat:
Because the Earth is round, sticks placed at distant locations will throw shadows of different lengths (Below RIGHT).
Imagine the Sun’s rays (represented by yellow lines) hitting two sticks (white lines) some distance apart. If the Earth were flat, the resulting shadows would be the same length, no matter how far apart you place the sticks (Below LEFT).
But they don’t. This is because the Earth is round, and not flat:
Because the Earth is round, sticks placed at distant locations will throw shadows of different lengths (Below RIGHT).
The Spherical earth was accepted very consistently since Eratosthenes. Even Ptolemy's geocentric model (that the church used since the beginning) puts a Spherical earth at the center of the universe. Look at Dantes Divine Comedy for example, picturing the earth as a globe which was known even in the Dark Ages. What was NOT known was that the spherical earth rotated around the Sun. The earth (which was spherical) was seen as the center of the universe in Ptolemy's geocentric model.
The big insight of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and ultimately Newton as that all these complex epicycles that come from a earth-centric universe could be greatly simplified using the Heliocentric model of elliptical orbits around the Sun. Copernicus thought the orbits were circles but with this simple insight of placing the sun at the center all these complicated epicycles (apparent motion of the planets as seen from earth), were GREATLY simplified! It is actually beautiful how well the model works in that we can predict the motions of planets for hundreds of years in the future. Flat earth model cannot make such predictions.
So reverting back to a earth centered universe we are regressing backwards to Ptolemy's geocentric model. And worse yet, by reverting to a flat earth we are regressing further back still.
Also noteworthy was Galileo discovering that the moons of Jupiter revolved around Jupiter (NOT the earth) which was the first definitive proof the earth is not the center of the Universe.
And btw anything moving at constant velocity is its own inertial reference frame, so because of that anything going at constant velocity IS on solid ground. At least as solid as possible as everything in the universe is moving unless of course we are on a flat earth supported by an infinite stack of tortoises. There is no static center. Astrophysics can show this in many ways.
So reverting back to a earth centered universe we are regressing backwards to Ptolemy's geocentric model. And worse yet, by reverting to a flat earth we are regressing further back still.
Also noteworthy was Galileo discovering that the moons of Jupiter revolved around Jupiter (NOT the earth) which was the first definitive proof the earth is not the center of the Universe.
And btw anything moving at constant velocity is its own inertial reference frame, so because of that anything going at constant velocity IS on solid ground. At least as solid as possible as everything in the universe is moving unless of course we are on a flat earth supported by an infinite stack of tortoises. There is no static center. Astrophysics can show this in many ways.
Clear and Easy Proofs the Earth is a Sphere!
I invite even flat earth adherents to read and ponder this because you must be able to explain these paradoxes if you are going to stubbornly hold onto a flat earth mythology. For people on the fence researching both sides, you find the rock solid evidence for a spherical earth FAR exceeds the Flat earth arguments.
These proofs will be a journey through the sun, the stars, the moon, and finally the earth. Also we'll debunk many Flat Earth fallacies along the way.
Let's start with the Sun, because as we'll see, it is plain as day and night the earth is a sphere simply by looking at the day and night cycles across the planet and the 4 seasons. The flat earth cannot even explain these two very simple facts we all know living on planet earth. In fact, with their model, the simple day/night cycles and seasons DISPROVES FLAT EARTH!!
I invite even flat earth adherents to read and ponder this because you must be able to explain these paradoxes if you are going to stubbornly hold onto a flat earth mythology. For people on the fence researching both sides, you find the rock solid evidence for a spherical earth FAR exceeds the Flat earth arguments.
These proofs will be a journey through the sun, the stars, the moon, and finally the earth. Also we'll debunk many Flat Earth fallacies along the way.
Let's start with the Sun, because as we'll see, it is plain as day and night the earth is a sphere simply by looking at the day and night cycles across the planet and the 4 seasons. The flat earth cannot even explain these two very simple facts we all know living on planet earth. In fact, with their model, the simple day/night cycles and seasons DISPROVES FLAT EARTH!!
Part 1: It's as Plain and Day and Night the Earth Must be a Sphere
If the Earth were flat, then the Sun has to be visible above the horizon all the time, from the entire Earth. This does not occur, and the simple fact should have been sufficient to rule out any possibility of a flat-Earth.
But instead, flat-Earthers invented various convoluted chain of ad-hoc hypotheses and presented them as “explanations” to prevent the flat-Earth model from being falsified. None of the “explanations” are proven nor correspond to the way our world works.
If the Earth were flat, the Sun would never set. It would be visible all the time, and there would be no night. To “fix” this inconsistency with reality, they invented the ad-hoc hypothesis that the Sun shines like a spotlight. That did not address the fact that sunsets do happen. They ‘plugged’ the inconsistency by inventing another ad-hoc hypothesis that “perspective” and “refraction” (which differ from the real-world perspective and refraction, obviously) causes the appearance of a sunset. And so on. The entire community of flat-Earth can no longer distinguish the facts from the ad-hoc hypotheses they invented to prevent their beloved theory from being falsified.
It can be useful to get back to where it started without considering any of the ad-hoc hypotheses. Without all the unproven ad-hoc hypothesis, the Sun would never set in the flat model. At the extreme case where the observer is on the ‘edge’ of the Earth, the Sun would still be 8.7° above the horizon at its farthest point, or equivalent to the position of the Sun about half an hour before sunset (on the real-world Earth).
No amount of refraction and perspective can make the Sun appear below the horizon. And no ‘lampshade’ can make the Sun completely disappear during the night.
But instead, flat-Earthers invented various convoluted chain of ad-hoc hypotheses and presented them as “explanations” to prevent the flat-Earth model from being falsified. None of the “explanations” are proven nor correspond to the way our world works.
If the Earth were flat, the Sun would never set. It would be visible all the time, and there would be no night. To “fix” this inconsistency with reality, they invented the ad-hoc hypothesis that the Sun shines like a spotlight. That did not address the fact that sunsets do happen. They ‘plugged’ the inconsistency by inventing another ad-hoc hypothesis that “perspective” and “refraction” (which differ from the real-world perspective and refraction, obviously) causes the appearance of a sunset. And so on. The entire community of flat-Earth can no longer distinguish the facts from the ad-hoc hypotheses they invented to prevent their beloved theory from being falsified.
It can be useful to get back to where it started without considering any of the ad-hoc hypotheses. Without all the unproven ad-hoc hypothesis, the Sun would never set in the flat model. At the extreme case where the observer is on the ‘edge’ of the Earth, the Sun would still be 8.7° above the horizon at its farthest point, or equivalent to the position of the Sun about half an hour before sunset (on the real-world Earth).
No amount of refraction and perspective can make the Sun appear below the horizon. And no ‘lampshade’ can make the Sun completely disappear during the night.
The light of the flat-earthen sun has a strange behavior: It is shaped like a semicircle so that in this way it illuminates half of the flat earth. In addition, the intensity of light that emanates stops abruptly, in such a way that those who can see the sun in all its splendor if they go a few kilometers away will suddenly be covered in dense darkness. No light can behave like this unless the sun has a screen with that shape and if so, we would not see the sun set behind the horizon, but we would see a curtain that appears over it as it moves away until it completely covers it.
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If the sun was a “spotlight” (very directionally located so that light only shines on a specific location) and the world was flat, we would see the sun even if it didn’t shine on top of us (as you can see in the drawing below). Similarly, you can see the light coming out of a spotlight on a stage in the theater, even though you—the crowd—are sitting in the dark. The only way to create two distinctly separate time zones, where there is complete darkness in one while there’s light in the other, is if the world is spherical.
The visibility of a spotlight in a darkened theater should debunk the “sun as spotlight” theory.
Flat earth believers have very strange ideas on how this flat earth is lit by the sun. Even if we assume for a moment this is indeed a map of the earth (which it is not), We can lookup the daytime/nighttime hours for any city on earth any day of the year and they always correspond to what is in this video. This is FACT!
On a flat earth the sun is truly magic!
If we were to observe the direction to the Sun over the entire course of the day, on multiple locations on Earth’s surface, and then plot the results on the so-called flat-Earth map; then they would not consistently point to the position of the Sun that is calculated from its location on such map.
This fact happens because the flat-Earth map is not the correct description of the real Earth.
These discrepancies are evident in sunrises and sunsets. The observed directions to the sun almost never point to the correct location of the Sun on the flat-Earth model.
Around solstices, we can see extreme cases of such discrepancies: the directions to the Sun, at some point, would point to the opposite from the location of the Sun according to such map.
The flat-Earth model fails to describe simple facts we encounter every day, like the position of the Sun. On the other hand, the globe model of the Earth is 100% consistent with observation.
Can anyone explain how a sun that is in orbit relatively low above the flat earth perform this exact very complex lighting of the earth that is gradually changing throughout the year in very complex ways? It is complex because you are casting 3D lighting and shadows on a 2D flat earth (the real truth).
The visibility of a spotlight in a darkened theater should debunk the “sun as spotlight” theory.
Flat earth believers have very strange ideas on how this flat earth is lit by the sun. Even if we assume for a moment this is indeed a map of the earth (which it is not), We can lookup the daytime/nighttime hours for any city on earth any day of the year and they always correspond to what is in this video. This is FACT!
On a flat earth the sun is truly magic!
If we were to observe the direction to the Sun over the entire course of the day, on multiple locations on Earth’s surface, and then plot the results on the so-called flat-Earth map; then they would not consistently point to the position of the Sun that is calculated from its location on such map.
This fact happens because the flat-Earth map is not the correct description of the real Earth.
These discrepancies are evident in sunrises and sunsets. The observed directions to the sun almost never point to the correct location of the Sun on the flat-Earth model.
Around solstices, we can see extreme cases of such discrepancies: the directions to the Sun, at some point, would point to the opposite from the location of the Sun according to such map.
The flat-Earth model fails to describe simple facts we encounter every day, like the position of the Sun. On the other hand, the globe model of the Earth is 100% consistent with observation.
Can anyone explain how a sun that is in orbit relatively low above the flat earth perform this exact very complex lighting of the earth that is gradually changing throughout the year in very complex ways? It is complex because you are casting 3D lighting and shadows on a 2D flat earth (the real truth).
Perspective Does not Work!
To an observer, the law of perspective will cause objects moving away in a straight line to:
To an observer, the law of perspective will cause objects moving away in a straight line to:
- appear to approach the vanishing point but never quite reach it,
- never appear to go across the vanishing point,
- appear to shrink in size,
- never appear to be cut in half unless when it is obstructed by another object.
Refraction does not work!
Atmospheric refraction occurs because the higher the altitude, the lower the density of the air is. Because of the varying density, a light parallel to the ground will curve along the curvature of the Earth. This phenomenon cannot be explained in the flat-Earth model where they need refraction to bend to the other direction. In turn, they would need the density profile of the atmosphere to be reversed: the higher the altitude, the higher the density. This obviously is not in line with reality.
Another problem with the flat-Earth model is the amount of refraction. Atmospheric refraction only causes a shift of about 0.57°. This means the Sun is still visible even though physically it is already 0.57° below the horizon. The flat-Earth model would require a much more significant amount of refraction, and to the other direction.
That is, this refraction effect would produce an apparent image of the Sun that would be above the real one, which would give us the sensation that the Sun is higher (S ') than it really is (S) , and not the other way around:
Atmospheric refraction occurs because the higher the altitude, the lower the density of the air is. Because of the varying density, a light parallel to the ground will curve along the curvature of the Earth. This phenomenon cannot be explained in the flat-Earth model where they need refraction to bend to the other direction. In turn, they would need the density profile of the atmosphere to be reversed: the higher the altitude, the higher the density. This obviously is not in line with reality.
Another problem with the flat-Earth model is the amount of refraction. Atmospheric refraction only causes a shift of about 0.57°. This means the Sun is still visible even though physically it is already 0.57° below the horizon. The flat-Earth model would require a much more significant amount of refraction, and to the other direction.
That is, this refraction effect would produce an apparent image of the Sun that would be above the real one, which would give us the sensation that the Sun is higher (S ') than it really is (S) , and not the other way around:
And those aren’t all. Even if atmospheric refraction behaves like they want it to, they still need to explain why a sunset has a clearly defined boundary between the obstructed part and the visible part of the Sun. And at the same time, the ground is practically unaffected by refraction at all. No, it is not possible the Sun above the horizon to appear to set behind the horizon.
Zoom Won't Work Either - None of the Flat Earth 'Bag of Tricks" can explain something as simple as a sunset!!
Even if atmospheric refraction behaves like they want it to, they still need to explain why a sunset has a clearly defined boundary between the obstructed part and the visible part of the Sun. And at the same time, the ground is practically unaffected by refraction at all. No, it is not possible the Sun above the horizon to appear to set behind the horizon.
All this time, both refraction and perspective are abused by flat-Earthers as technobabble. Two sophisticated scientific-sounding terms along with the related “demonstration” are being used to dazzle the unsuspecting crowd. In reality, both cannot explain the everyday phenomenon of sunrise and sunset in the flat-Earth model. Not even close.
All this time, both refraction and perspective are abused by flat-Earthers as technobabble. Two sophisticated scientific-sounding terms along with the related “demonstration” are being used to dazzle the unsuspecting crowd. In reality, both cannot explain the everyday phenomenon of sunrise and sunset in the flat-Earth model. Not even close.
In the Northern hemisphere, the Sun appears to move to the right. In the Southern hemisphere, it appears to move to the left. During sunrise and sunset, the path of the Sun forms an angle that roughly corresponds to the latitude of the observer. This phenomenon occurs because observers on the different locations on Earth’s surface is not standing on the same plane.
The path of the Sun observed from many different locations on Earth’s surface is evidence of spherical Earth. This observation cannot possibly occur on a flat Earth.
The path of the Sun observed from many different locations on Earth’s surface is evidence of spherical Earth. This observation cannot possibly occur on a flat Earth.
Conflicting Explanations
Example 1: In a flat-Earth, the area of the Earth that is in the daytime and those at night are not split evenly. Solution: they created a flat-Earth model with a glass dome on top and used a flashlight as the Sun.
Example 2: In “shadow of a stick” experiments done in multiple locations, sun rays do not converge to a single point of the Sun. Solution: they created a model where they used a concave lens between the Sun and the surface.
Example 3: A sunset can never happen on a flat Earth. Solution: they created a model where they used a Fresnel lens between the Sun and the observer.
All of these ‘solutions’ can only ‘explain’ a particular phenomenon but conflict with each other. These ‘solutions’ cannot possibly coexist.
Example 1: In a flat-Earth, the area of the Earth that is in the daytime and those at night are not split evenly. Solution: they created a flat-Earth model with a glass dome on top and used a flashlight as the Sun.
Example 2: In “shadow of a stick” experiments done in multiple locations, sun rays do not converge to a single point of the Sun. Solution: they created a model where they used a concave lens between the Sun and the surface.
Example 3: A sunset can never happen on a flat Earth. Solution: they created a model where they used a Fresnel lens between the Sun and the observer.
All of these ‘solutions’ can only ‘explain’ a particular phenomenon but conflict with each other. These ‘solutions’ cannot possibly coexist.
The Seasons
THERE IS NO WAY THE FLAT EARTH MODEL CAN EXPLAIN THE ABOVE COMPLEX LIGHTING PATTERNS. THERE MODEL IS A J-O-K-E!! Seriously. Image below briefly summarizes there model which makes no sense to describe the seasons, let alone how exactly half the earth can be lit,
Flat Earthers Explain day and night cycles and seasons using 2 totally different models that are incompatible with each other.
First off, you cannot explain seasons with varying concentric circles describing the suns path? Why? First off, that would mean the sun would need to move faster in the winter in the Northen Hemisphere than the summer and it most CERTAINLY cannot do this. Makes no sense.
Worse if the summer has closer circles HOW does the light stay on the day side but NOT the night? It cannot on a flat earth at any radius, but in their model for the summer, it is absurd!!
And herein lies the problem with the flat earth model... There is NOT ONE! They cannot even describe these simple two phenomenon with the same model, not to mention dozens of more phenomenon we'll explore. The spinning spherical heliocentric model has NO PROBLEM explaining this and everything else.
THERE IS NO WAY THE FLAT EARTH MODEL CAN EXPLAIN THE ABOVE COMPLEX LIGHTING PATTERNS. THERE MODEL IS A J-O-K-E!! Seriously. Image below briefly summarizes there model which makes no sense to describe the seasons, let alone how exactly half the earth can be lit,
Flat Earthers Explain day and night cycles and seasons using 2 totally different models that are incompatible with each other.
First off, you cannot explain seasons with varying concentric circles describing the suns path? Why? First off, that would mean the sun would need to move faster in the winter in the Northen Hemisphere than the summer and it most CERTAINLY cannot do this. Makes no sense.
Worse if the summer has closer circles HOW does the light stay on the day side but NOT the night? It cannot on a flat earth at any radius, but in their model for the summer, it is absurd!!
And herein lies the problem with the flat earth model... There is NOT ONE! They cannot even describe these simple two phenomenon with the same model, not to mention dozens of more phenomenon we'll explore. The spinning spherical heliocentric model has NO PROBLEM explaining this and everything else.
The Globe Model CAN EASILY Explain Day, Night and the seasons (and simultaneously!!).
How can we see the sun and moon at the same time.
If the sun is the source of heat, why doesn't it get hotter as you move towards it.
This ball spins so the half facing the sun is day and the other half is night. Shine a light at a sphere and you can see it illuminates exactly half. This is impossible with the spotlight sun on a flat earth!! As it goes around the sun, the hemisphere experiencing more direct sunlight experiences summer. The hemisphere experiencing less direct sunlight experiences winter. And it does not correlate with the distance from the sun, it is energy per unit area which means angle relative to the sun is more important here than distance.
And there it is , both day and night are explained immaculately and simultaneously with the heliocentric globe model!
WE COULD STOP HERE, BECAUSE FLAT EARTH CANNOT EXPLAIN THESE TWO VERY BASIC OBSERVATIONS LIVING ON PLANET EARTH!
Note on Seasons:
Flat earthers will claim that because the distance from the sun to the earth is batshit crazy, the little distance it requires to the poles isn't enough to cause permanent winter.
So, what are reasons in physics that would explain this? Let's first list my brainstorm, and then we will look onward:
The Poynting vector, the directional intensity of the energy flux by electromagnetic radiation, is at an angle to the surface.At the poles, the angle between the Poynting vector is at near 90 degrees to the surface normal, so the angle is near the minimum, meaning near-zero power.
The flattening of the earth contributes to that by putting the angle even closer to the minimum.
Refraction due to the atmosphere, like a lens.
Most of the surface is water (snow), which reflects most heat away.
Atmospheric conditions (e.g. faster convection loss of heat).
ALSO THERE ARE GULF STREAMS so temperature variation are in no conflict.
How can we see the sun and moon at the same time.
If the sun is the source of heat, why doesn't it get hotter as you move towards it.
This ball spins so the half facing the sun is day and the other half is night. Shine a light at a sphere and you can see it illuminates exactly half. This is impossible with the spotlight sun on a flat earth!! As it goes around the sun, the hemisphere experiencing more direct sunlight experiences summer. The hemisphere experiencing less direct sunlight experiences winter. And it does not correlate with the distance from the sun, it is energy per unit area which means angle relative to the sun is more important here than distance.
And there it is , both day and night are explained immaculately and simultaneously with the heliocentric globe model!
WE COULD STOP HERE, BECAUSE FLAT EARTH CANNOT EXPLAIN THESE TWO VERY BASIC OBSERVATIONS LIVING ON PLANET EARTH!
Note on Seasons:
Flat earthers will claim that because the distance from the sun to the earth is batshit crazy, the little distance it requires to the poles isn't enough to cause permanent winter.
So, what are reasons in physics that would explain this? Let's first list my brainstorm, and then we will look onward:
The Poynting vector, the directional intensity of the energy flux by electromagnetic radiation, is at an angle to the surface.At the poles, the angle between the Poynting vector is at near 90 degrees to the surface normal, so the angle is near the minimum, meaning near-zero power.
The flattening of the earth contributes to that by putting the angle even closer to the minimum.
Refraction due to the atmosphere, like a lens.
Most of the surface is water (snow), which reflects most heat away.
Atmospheric conditions (e.g. faster convection loss of heat).
ALSO THERE ARE GULF STREAMS so temperature variation are in no conflict.
Note on Seasons:
Flat earthers will claim that because the distance from the sun to the earth is batshit crazy, the little distance it requires to the poles isn't enough to cause permanent winter.
So, what are reasons in physics that would explain this? Let's first list my brainstorm, and then we will look onward:
The Poynting vector, the directional intensity of the energy flux by electromagnetic radiation, is at an angle to the surface.At the poles, the angle between the Poynting vector is at near 90 degrees to the surface normal, so the angle is near the minimum, meaning near-zero power.
The flattening of the earth contributes to that by putting the angle even closer to the minimum.
Refraction due to the atmosphere, like a lens.
Most of the surface is water (snow), which reflects most heat away.
Atmospheric conditions (e.g. faster convection loss of heat).
ALSO THERE ARE GULF STREAMS so temperature variation are in no conflict.
Flat earthers will claim that because the distance from the sun to the earth is batshit crazy, the little distance it requires to the poles isn't enough to cause permanent winter.
So, what are reasons in physics that would explain this? Let's first list my brainstorm, and then we will look onward:
The Poynting vector, the directional intensity of the energy flux by electromagnetic radiation, is at an angle to the surface.At the poles, the angle between the Poynting vector is at near 90 degrees to the surface normal, so the angle is near the minimum, meaning near-zero power.
The flattening of the earth contributes to that by putting the angle even closer to the minimum.
Refraction due to the atmosphere, like a lens.
Most of the surface is water (snow), which reflects most heat away.
Atmospheric conditions (e.g. faster convection loss of heat).
ALSO THERE ARE GULF STREAMS so temperature variation are in no conflict.
The Equinox Sun Experiment
Simple experiment anyone can do, anywhere in the world.
Every equinox the sun rises and sets exactly due east and west, no matter where you are on the earth. This is due to the spherical shape of the earth and the earth's tilt. At the equinoxes the earth's tilt is sideways with respect to the sun.
There are two moments in the year when the sun is right above the equator: around March 20 and Sepember 20. These are the equinoxes. At these moments, all over Earth, the sun rises exactly due East, and sets exactly due West. Barring some adjustments for the definitions of dawn and dusk, day and night are equal at 12 hours each.
The rest of the year the sun will rise or set a bit to the North or South due to the earths tilt toward or away from the sun.
A good way to test this is to find a street that runs due East and West.
Why this works, with globe light. As we rotate across the globe viewers of the same longitude cross into sunlight at the same time.
This is NOT what would happen on a Flat earth because the further South you are, the further North the sunrise would appear all the time, including at equinox.
This is not what we see in reality, there is no way to make an equinox sun work on a flat earth model.
The flat earth model does not fit the reality in which we live.
Only a spinning, sun orbiting sphere explains all these observations.
Simple experiment anyone can do, anywhere in the world.
Every equinox the sun rises and sets exactly due east and west, no matter where you are on the earth. This is due to the spherical shape of the earth and the earth's tilt. At the equinoxes the earth's tilt is sideways with respect to the sun.
There are two moments in the year when the sun is right above the equator: around March 20 and Sepember 20. These are the equinoxes. At these moments, all over Earth, the sun rises exactly due East, and sets exactly due West. Barring some adjustments for the definitions of dawn and dusk, day and night are equal at 12 hours each.
The rest of the year the sun will rise or set a bit to the North or South due to the earths tilt toward or away from the sun.
A good way to test this is to find a street that runs due East and West.
Why this works, with globe light. As we rotate across the globe viewers of the same longitude cross into sunlight at the same time.
This is NOT what would happen on a Flat earth because the further South you are, the further North the sunrise would appear all the time, including at equinox.
This is not what we see in reality, there is no way to make an equinox sun work on a flat earth model.
The flat earth model does not fit the reality in which we live.
Only a spinning, sun orbiting sphere explains all these observations.
Part 2: The Planets and Stars (Planets Spheres, Stars N/S)
Look at Other Planets
What is odd is that the flat earthers think the earth is flat, but recognize that the moon is round, mercury, Venus, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, are all spheres, but earth is flat.
A flat planet (ours or any other planet) would be such an incredible observation that it would pretty much go against everything we know about how planets form and behave. It would not only change everything we know about planet formation, but also about star formation (our sun would have to behave quite differently to accommodate the flat-earth theory) and what we know of speeds and movements in space (like planets’ orbits and the effects of gravity). In short, we don’t just suspect that our planet is spherical. We know it.
A flat planet (ours or any other planet) would be such an incredible observation that it would pretty much go against everything we know about how planets form and behave. It would not only change everything we know about planet formation, but also about star formation (our sun would have to behave quite differently to accommodate the flat-earth theory) and what we know of speeds and movements in space (like planets’ orbits and the effects of gravity). In short, we don’t just suspect that our planet is spherical. We know it.
The Earth is different from other planets, that much is true. After all, we have life, and we haven’t found any other planets with life (yet). However, there are certain characteristics all planets have, and it will be quite logical to assume that if all planets behave a certain way, or show certain characteristics—specifically if those planets are in different places or were created under different circumstances—our planet is the same.
In other words: If so many planets that were created in different locations and under different circumstances show the same property, it’s likely that our own planet has the same property as well. All of our observations show that other planets are spherical (and since we know how they’re created, it’s also obvious why they take this shape). Unless we have a very good reason to think otherwise (which we don’t), our planet is very likely the same.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed the moons of Jupiter rotating around it. He described them as small planets orbiting a larger planet—a description (and observation) that was very difficult for the church to accept, as it challenged a geocentric model where everything was supposed to revolve around the Earth. This observation also showed that the planets (Jupiter, Neptune, and later Venus was observed too) are all spherical, and all orbit the sun. AND SO ARE THERE MOONS!
In other words: If so many planets that were created in different locations and under different circumstances show the same property, it’s likely that our own planet has the same property as well. All of our observations show that other planets are spherical (and since we know how they’re created, it’s also obvious why they take this shape). Unless we have a very good reason to think otherwise (which we don’t), our planet is very likely the same.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed the moons of Jupiter rotating around it. He described them as small planets orbiting a larger planet—a description (and observation) that was very difficult for the church to accept, as it challenged a geocentric model where everything was supposed to revolve around the Earth. This observation also showed that the planets (Jupiter, Neptune, and later Venus was observed too) are all spherical, and all orbit the sun. AND SO ARE THERE MOONS!
On being round.... Why Spheres?
Exploration of how all the laws of physics and the accounting of energy as processes unfold in the universe, how that conspires to make things round. The laws of physics in the cosmos favors the sphere.
And if something is NOT a sphere and a little bit flattened, you can ask "what flattened it" and you can find out it is rotating really fast. So it gets a little flattened because of that. So almost everything in the universe is a sphere is slight distortions in a sphere for some other thing that is happening to it.
Exploration of how all the laws of physics and the accounting of energy as processes unfold in the universe, how that conspires to make things round. The laws of physics in the cosmos favors the sphere.
And if something is NOT a sphere and a little bit flattened, you can ask "what flattened it" and you can find out it is rotating really fast. So it gets a little flattened because of that. So almost everything in the universe is a sphere is slight distortions in a sphere for some other thing that is happening to it.
Varying Star Constellations
The Flat Earth model fundamentally conflicts with the things that we see in nature. For example, why would the southern hemisphere’s stars be visible from the opposite edges of a Flat Earth, while people in the central region of the disc instead see the constellations of the northern hemisphere? Shouldn’t the same stars hang over everyone on a Flat Earth like a ceiling hangs over a kitchen table?
This observation was originally made by Aristotle (384-322 BCE), who declared the Earth was round judging from the different constellations one sees while moving away from the equator.
After returning from a trip to Egypt, Aristotle noted, “There are stars seen in Egypt and…Cyprus which are not seen in the northerly regions.” This phenomenon can only be explained if humans were viewing the stars from a round surface, Aristotle continued, claiming that the sphere of the Earth is “of no great size, for otherwise the effect of so slight a change of place would not be quickly apparent.”
The farther you go from the equator, the farther the “known” constellations go towards the horizon, to be replaced by different stars. This would not have happened if the world was flat.
This observation was originally made by Aristotle (384-322 BCE), who declared the Earth was round judging from the different constellations one sees while moving away from the equator.
After returning from a trip to Egypt, Aristotle noted, “There are stars seen in Egypt and…Cyprus which are not seen in the northerly regions.” This phenomenon can only be explained if humans were viewing the stars from a round surface, Aristotle continued, claiming that the sphere of the Earth is “of no great size, for otherwise the effect of so slight a change of place would not be quickly apparent.”
The farther you go from the equator, the farther the “known” constellations go towards the horizon, to be replaced by different stars. This would not have happened if the world was flat.
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Constellations and Stars in NORTHERN Hemisphere rotate COUNTERCLOCKWISE around a point called the celestial pole very near a star called Polaris (North Star a couple hundred light years away) in the Northern Hemisphere which can be EASILY seen. (Below LEFT). Polaris is observed at an elevation above the horizon equal to the latitude of the observer. At a negative latitude below the equator it is invisible.
Constellations and Stars in SOUTHERN Hemisphere rotate in the opposite direction CLOCKWISE around a celestial pole very near a star called Sigma Octantis which is not easily seen. (Below Right). Sigma Octantis is observed at an elevation equal to the Southern Latitude of the observer. At a Northern latitude above the equator it is invisible.
ALL this can be EASILY explained with the rotating globe model, and ABSOLUTELY CANNOT be explained by the flat earth model.
Constellations and Stars in SOUTHERN Hemisphere rotate in the opposite direction CLOCKWISE around a celestial pole very near a star called Sigma Octantis which is not easily seen. (Below Right). Sigma Octantis is observed at an elevation equal to the Southern Latitude of the observer. At a Northern latitude above the equator it is invisible.
ALL this can be EASILY explained with the rotating globe model, and ABSOLUTELY CANNOT be explained by the flat earth model.
Insurmountable Failure of Flat Earth Model:
You cannot explain why certain constellations are only visible in Southern Hemisphere while others are only visible in Northern Hemisphere AND why they rotate in DIFFERENT directions!! This is IMPOSSIBLE in a flat earth / dome model... IMPOSSIBLE!!
In the flat earth/dome model ALL stars should be visible as illustrated here. But that is NOT what is observed (very clearly!!).
The earth is DEFINITELY a spinning and moving SPHERE!!
You cannot explain why certain constellations are only visible in Southern Hemisphere while others are only visible in Northern Hemisphere AND why they rotate in DIFFERENT directions!! This is IMPOSSIBLE in a flat earth / dome model... IMPOSSIBLE!!
In the flat earth/dome model ALL stars should be visible as illustrated here. But that is NOT what is observed (very clearly!!).
The earth is DEFINITELY a spinning and moving SPHERE!!
Flat earthers end up throwing around terms like perspective and refraction without having an actual model to prove it. That is baseless conjecture.
Even WORSE they invoke that everyone has a personal dome that will shift the stars to what we can all observe... huh? This is really one of the most ridiculous of all the flat earth concepts, but they have no other way to explain the stars and constellations... And what is even more laughable is they use glass domes to demonstrate this, but WE DONT LIVE IN GLASS!! And besides even those ludicrous glass dome demostrations cannot create two different sets of counter-rotating stars and constellations!!
One of the easiest ways to debunk flat Earth is probably looking at the positions of the celestial poles. In the northern hemisphere, the angle with the horizontal of the pole star (Polaris) is equal to the latitude of the observer. The same is true in the southern hemisphere, looking at the south celestial pole (Sigma Octantis). This makes no sense on a flat Earth. Watch "No star trails on flat Earth".
Even WORSE they invoke that everyone has a personal dome that will shift the stars to what we can all observe... huh? This is really one of the most ridiculous of all the flat earth concepts, but they have no other way to explain the stars and constellations... And what is even more laughable is they use glass domes to demonstrate this, but WE DONT LIVE IN GLASS!! And besides even those ludicrous glass dome demostrations cannot create two different sets of counter-rotating stars and constellations!!
One of the easiest ways to debunk flat Earth is probably looking at the positions of the celestial poles. In the northern hemisphere, the angle with the horizontal of the pole star (Polaris) is equal to the latitude of the observer. The same is true in the southern hemisphere, looking at the south celestial pole (Sigma Octantis). This makes no sense on a flat Earth. Watch "No star trails on flat Earth".
Part 3: The Moon (Seeing always One Side, Phases, Eclipse, Tides)
We all see the same side of the moon.
You cannot cry NASA conspiracy or CGI. We can all see it with our own eyeballs.
Here is the silly flat earth model of the moon with it above the flat earth going in its magic little circles.
Now if we all see the same face of the moon, HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE on a flat earth??
It is not possible. NO! Why? Because that is not how objects work.
People on the opposite sides of an object cannot see the same side!!
A spherical moon over a flat earth is not consistent with reality ... AT ALL!!
So it is two dimensional with the same face on both sides. Then anyone but people directly perpendicular would see a different shape. So No.
Is it pointing down like a spotlight. No, because then it would change shape as it is moving around and only appear circular overhead.
Is there any way this can work on a flat earth...NO! There is not?
So how do people all see the same face of the moon? Because the earth is a sphere and the moon goes around the earth. It is tidally locked with the earth with only one face always pointing towards the earth. That is why everyone sees the same face of the moon. And that is the ONLY WAY!!
And guess what, the direction the moon is pointing even correlates with the observers latitude! See below, this is incredibly nuanced and CAN NOT be explained on a FLAT earth. Heck not even seeing the same face of the moon can!!!
Eclipse Shadows
Now that humanity knows quite positively that the Moon is not a piece of cheese or a playful god, the phenomena that accompany it (from its monthly cycles to lunar eclipses) are well-explained. It was quite a mystery to the ancient Greeks, though, and in their quest for knowledge, they came up with a few insightful observations that helped humanity figure out the shape of our planet.
Aristotle (who made quite a lot of observations about the spherical nature of the Earth) noticed that during lunar eclipses (when the Earth’s orbit places it directly between the Sun and the Moon, creating a shadow in the process), the shadow on the Moon’s surface is round. This shadow is the planet’s, and it’s a great clue about the spherical shape of the Earth.
Lunar eclipse
A sequential view of the lunar eclipse that occurred on April 15, 2014. You can see Earth’s shadow crossing the face of the Moon, and the shadow’s shape is curved because Earth is spherical.
You cannot cry NASA conspiracy or CGI. We can all see it with our own eyeballs.
Here is the silly flat earth model of the moon with it above the flat earth going in its magic little circles.
Now if we all see the same face of the moon, HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE on a flat earth??
It is not possible. NO! Why? Because that is not how objects work.
People on the opposite sides of an object cannot see the same side!!
A spherical moon over a flat earth is not consistent with reality ... AT ALL!!
So it is two dimensional with the same face on both sides. Then anyone but people directly perpendicular would see a different shape. So No.
Is it pointing down like a spotlight. No, because then it would change shape as it is moving around and only appear circular overhead.
Is there any way this can work on a flat earth...NO! There is not?
So how do people all see the same face of the moon? Because the earth is a sphere and the moon goes around the earth. It is tidally locked with the earth with only one face always pointing towards the earth. That is why everyone sees the same face of the moon. And that is the ONLY WAY!!
And guess what, the direction the moon is pointing even correlates with the observers latitude! See below, this is incredibly nuanced and CAN NOT be explained on a FLAT earth. Heck not even seeing the same face of the moon can!!!
Eclipse Shadows
Now that humanity knows quite positively that the Moon is not a piece of cheese or a playful god, the phenomena that accompany it (from its monthly cycles to lunar eclipses) are well-explained. It was quite a mystery to the ancient Greeks, though, and in their quest for knowledge, they came up with a few insightful observations that helped humanity figure out the shape of our planet.
Aristotle (who made quite a lot of observations about the spherical nature of the Earth) noticed that during lunar eclipses (when the Earth’s orbit places it directly between the Sun and the Moon, creating a shadow in the process), the shadow on the Moon’s surface is round. This shadow is the planet’s, and it’s a great clue about the spherical shape of the Earth.
Lunar eclipse
A sequential view of the lunar eclipse that occurred on April 15, 2014. You can see Earth’s shadow crossing the face of the Moon, and the shadow’s shape is curved because Earth is spherical.
Eclipse Shadows
Since the earth is rotating (see the “Foucault Pendulum” experiment for a definite proof, if you are doubtful), the consistent oval-shadow it produces in each and every lunar eclipse proves that the earth is not only round but spherical—absolutely, utterly, beyond a shadow of a doubt not flat.
We did NOT fake the Moon Landing
Flat earthers love to claim we are in a Truman show of sorts and have never travelled to space (because that would shatter their precious dome). This is yet another cringe moment for adherents of a flat earth. If you accept their model, you HAVE TO BELIEVE THE MOON LANDING WAS FAKED!
Six Apollo missions, billions of dollars, thousands of NASA employees and astronauts involved, ALL THIS PAIN STAKING EFFORT to what? Uphold a flat earth?? And THAT many people could NOT keep a secret for so long, no way. Secrets leak, if the landing was faked it would have leaked by now.
NASA also fabricates the photos, but how? We have had photos of the earth since the 60's which predates computer editing software by several decades.
There are so many proofs we landed on the moon and eventually I will do a separate page because this totally demolishes the flat earth model if we DID (and we DID!!)
A couple things worth mentioning for now.
One big problem that with the beautiful images of a SPHERICAL earth from all the Apollo missions, was there was no CGI at the time for faking those beautiful images of earth from space BACK THEN. And like the earth being a sphere it is also easy to prove we landed on the moon. I will be addressing this later. All the FE objections to the lunar conspiracy have explanations (and yes I have looked at them in detail). And when you think about it, literally ten thousands or so NASA employees that were involved with all the Apollo missions would all have to keep quiet for so long. People cannot keep quiet. If the lunar landings were faked, it would have been exposed A LONG TIME ago.
My favorite proof that we were on the moon is watching the lunar dusk move off the wheels of the rovers in a roostertail pattern . This motion EXACTLY matches the motion dust would follow on the moon, its weight and lack of atmosphere... Absolutely NO WAY that motion can take place on earth or any studio. It's an impossible footage to fake with 1960s lack of CGI. It would be like throwing a ball up in the air and watching it continue to rise instead of fall as we know it does. Oh and that is one of like 20 proofs that show we were on the moon, this proof is just one that Lunar conspiracy guys cannot explain because it cannot be disproven.
Six Apollo missions, billions of dollars, thousands of NASA employees and astronauts involved, ALL THIS PAIN STAKING EFFORT to what? Uphold a flat earth?? And THAT many people could NOT keep a secret for so long, no way. Secrets leak, if the landing was faked it would have leaked by now.
NASA also fabricates the photos, but how? We have had photos of the earth since the 60's which predates computer editing software by several decades.
There are so many proofs we landed on the moon and eventually I will do a separate page because this totally demolishes the flat earth model if we DID (and we DID!!)
A couple things worth mentioning for now.
One big problem that with the beautiful images of a SPHERICAL earth from all the Apollo missions, was there was no CGI at the time for faking those beautiful images of earth from space BACK THEN. And like the earth being a sphere it is also easy to prove we landed on the moon. I will be addressing this later. All the FE objections to the lunar conspiracy have explanations (and yes I have looked at them in detail). And when you think about it, literally ten thousands or so NASA employees that were involved with all the Apollo missions would all have to keep quiet for so long. People cannot keep quiet. If the lunar landings were faked, it would have been exposed A LONG TIME ago.
My favorite proof that we were on the moon is watching the lunar dusk move off the wheels of the rovers in a roostertail pattern . This motion EXACTLY matches the motion dust would follow on the moon, its weight and lack of atmosphere... Absolutely NO WAY that motion can take place on earth or any studio. It's an impossible footage to fake with 1960s lack of CGI. It would be like throwing a ball up in the air and watching it continue to rise instead of fall as we know it does. Oh and that is one of like 20 proofs that show we were on the moon, this proof is just one that Lunar conspiracy guys cannot explain because it cannot be disproven.
Part 4: What On Earth?
The Earth (Curvature, Gravity Mass Experiments, Spinning/Orbiting Speeds) - Faulcault Pendulum
Watch a large boat sail into the horizon
But can't afford a high altitude flight. No worries.
If you’ve been next to a port lately, or just strolled down a beach and stared off vacantly into the horizon, you might have noticed a very interesting phenomenon: Approaching ships do not just “appear” out of the horizon (like they should have if the world was flat), but rather seem to emerge from beneath the sea.
You can detect the curve of the Earth from ground level at the coast with a pair of binoculars – just look for distant ships on the horizon and you’ll see that their hulls start to disappear before their masts. Ancient Greek scientists, who spotted this without any optical aids, used this to conclude that the Earth was round. Watch clip below which boaters can attest to over and over again.
But can't afford a high altitude flight. No worries.
If you’ve been next to a port lately, or just strolled down a beach and stared off vacantly into the horizon, you might have noticed a very interesting phenomenon: Approaching ships do not just “appear” out of the horizon (like they should have if the world was flat), but rather seem to emerge from beneath the sea.
You can detect the curve of the Earth from ground level at the coast with a pair of binoculars – just look for distant ships on the horizon and you’ll see that their hulls start to disappear before their masts. Ancient Greek scientists, who spotted this without any optical aids, used this to conclude that the Earth was round. Watch clip below which boaters can attest to over and over again.
Flat Earthers and P900 Cameras
YES , I have seen videos of those shots which are due to mirage effects.
BUT that STILL proves nothing because first off, why would the ship disappear in the FIRST place if the earth is flat? There should be no re-appearing ship at all (again its a mirage effect). All these videos (I have watched plenty) are at or very close to the horizon. If they are further, it is weather conditions that bend the light (ie Superior Mirage like the Chicago skyline photo FE-ers love to share, but that is easily explained - see attached).
Secondly if the earth is truly flat you would be able to SEE the ship shrink to a point as it goes further and further away. NO SUCH Thing happens!! I am STILL waiting for a flat earther with a telescopic camera show me a ship sinking into a point. I have gotten only crickets because the earth is NOT FLAT!
YES , I have seen videos of those shots which are due to mirage effects.
BUT that STILL proves nothing because first off, why would the ship disappear in the FIRST place if the earth is flat? There should be no re-appearing ship at all (again its a mirage effect). All these videos (I have watched plenty) are at or very close to the horizon. If they are further, it is weather conditions that bend the light (ie Superior Mirage like the Chicago skyline photo FE-ers love to share, but that is easily explained - see attached).
Secondly if the earth is truly flat you would be able to SEE the ship shrink to a point as it goes further and further away. NO SUCH Thing happens!! I am STILL waiting for a flat earther with a telescopic camera show me a ship sinking into a point. I have gotten only crickets because the earth is NOT FLAT!
A superior mirage is caused by colder air below warmer air which bends the light around the curve of the earth and Flat. Flat earthers love to cherry pick these images as proof of a flat earth.
This image below of the Chicago skyline is a form of Superior Mirage, superior in this meaning the mirage or image of the skyline is seen above where it's actually located. The clear skies, and cool weather (aided even more by the cool lake water) creates an inversion. A layer of air near the surface that's cooler than air higher in the atmosphere. This creates a bending or ducting effect where the light (image) instead of going in a normal straight line into space, curves back towards the surface of the earth.
This same phenomena can also be seen on the radar in the form of "ground clutter" the inversion is taking the radar beam (light) and bending back towards the surface of the earth, creating a "ring" effect.
On evenings where this weather is not present you CANNOT see the skyline as anyone who lives there can attest. Flat earthers IGNORE that only the upper parts of the buildings are visible.
Ships not hidden, you can zoom... Use a boat near horizon but not beyond it. Choppy seas. Larger Cruise ship Horizon.
This image below of the Chicago skyline is a form of Superior Mirage, superior in this meaning the mirage or image of the skyline is seen above where it's actually located. The clear skies, and cool weather (aided even more by the cool lake water) creates an inversion. A layer of air near the surface that's cooler than air higher in the atmosphere. This creates a bending or ducting effect where the light (image) instead of going in a normal straight line into space, curves back towards the surface of the earth.
This same phenomena can also be seen on the radar in the form of "ground clutter" the inversion is taking the radar beam (light) and bending back towards the surface of the earth, creating a "ring" effect.
On evenings where this weather is not present you CANNOT see the skyline as anyone who lives there can attest. Flat earthers IGNORE that only the upper parts of the buildings are visible.
Ships not hidden, you can zoom... Use a boat near horizon but not beyond it. Choppy seas. Larger Cruise ship Horizon.
Instead of Addressing the many fatal flaws with their model, flat earthers seem hellbent on convincing everyone the earth is flat based on Camera, videos and images of objects THEY CLAIM should be hidden behind the horizon.
But there are always explanations and regardless of how much is hidden, the fact ANYTHING is hidden by the horizon is proof that it is spherical. Refraction which very much does happen, cannot make the bottom half of an object disappear if the earth was flat.
We should be seeing things get small and smalle
But there are always explanations and regardless of how much is hidden, the fact ANYTHING is hidden by the horizon is proof that it is spherical. Refraction which very much does happen, cannot make the bottom half of an object disappear if the earth was flat.
We should be seeing things get small and smalle
Curvature App is a web application we can use to create a simulation of the horizon’s shape and the visibility of distant objects on a flat and spherical Earth. Curvature App is available at walter.bislins.ch/Curve.
When determining a distant object’s visibility, flat-Earthers often use wrong calculators that fail to account for all the important variables and give them incorrect results. Curvature App accounts for all of these variables, and not only it gives us the numbers, but also the simulated view.
In this app, we can adjust the observer’s height, object’s size & distance, and atmospheric refraction strength. We can also alter the field of view (or the camera’s focal length), create a row of distant objects, add a second set of objects, etc.
From these inputs, the app will give us the observer’s simulated view, like the shape of the horizon, left-right drop, the dip of the horizon, the appearance of the objects, and their obstruction by Earth’s curvature.
The app also has several demos to explain some of the popular flat Earth talking points, like the Lake Pontchartrain power lines and Bedford Level, showing that all of these observations are consistent on a spherical Earth.
When determining a distant object’s visibility, flat-Earthers often use wrong calculators that fail to account for all the important variables and give them incorrect results. Curvature App accounts for all of these variables, and not only it gives us the numbers, but also the simulated view.
In this app, we can adjust the observer’s height, object’s size & distance, and atmospheric refraction strength. We can also alter the field of view (or the camera’s focal length), create a row of distant objects, add a second set of objects, etc.
From these inputs, the app will give us the observer’s simulated view, like the shape of the horizon, left-right drop, the dip of the horizon, the appearance of the objects, and their obstruction by Earth’s curvature.
The app also has several demos to explain some of the popular flat Earth talking points, like the Lake Pontchartrain power lines and Bedford Level, showing that all of these observations are consistent on a spherical Earth.
From an observer on a shore, the distance to the horizon is 5 km (3 miles), or more if the observer is higher. Therefore, Earth’s curvature obscures objects starting from that distance. If the objects are not large enough, we need an optical aid, like zooming in using a camera, to see them in the first place.
Flat-Earthers often show us wide-angle photos to demonstrate that objects are not obscured by Earth’s curvature. In reality, in such photos, objects far enough to be obscured by Earth’s curvature cannot be resolved. It is hard to see objects obscured by Earth’s curvature if the objects themselves are not visible in the picture.
The Lake Ponchartrain Causeway and transmission lines are two objects where the effect of Earth’s curvature can be easily observed. To see it, we need to use an optical aid, like a long-zoom camera. If we were to use a wide-angle lens —or the widest zoom of a zoom camera— the curvature’s effect will not be visible. The scene we are looking for will appear compressed as a tiny dot in the middle of the image. To see it, we have to increase the zoom factor, in effect enlarging the center portion of the image, so that the effect of Earth’s curvature is visible.
Using a wide-angle lens to demonstrate the ‘lack of curvature,’ flat-Earthers are simply hiding the effect of Earth’s curvature in the middle of the picture. We cannot see objects obscured by Earth’s curvature if the objects themselves cannot be seen.
Flat-Earthers often show us wide-angle photos to demonstrate that objects are not obscured by Earth’s curvature. In reality, in such photos, objects far enough to be obscured by Earth’s curvature cannot be resolved. It is hard to see objects obscured by Earth’s curvature if the objects themselves are not visible in the picture.
The Lake Ponchartrain Causeway and transmission lines are two objects where the effect of Earth’s curvature can be easily observed. To see it, we need to use an optical aid, like a long-zoom camera. If we were to use a wide-angle lens —or the widest zoom of a zoom camera— the curvature’s effect will not be visible. The scene we are looking for will appear compressed as a tiny dot in the middle of the image. To see it, we have to increase the zoom factor, in effect enlarging the center portion of the image, so that the effect of Earth’s curvature is visible.
Using a wide-angle lens to demonstrate the ‘lack of curvature,’ flat-Earthers are simply hiding the effect of Earth’s curvature in the middle of the picture. We cannot see objects obscured by Earth’s curvature if the objects themselves cannot be seen.
Seeing Farther From Higher
Standing on a flat plateau, you look ahead toward the horizon. You strain your eyes, then take out your favorite binoculars and stare through them, as far as your eyes (with the help of the binocular lenses) can see.
Next, climb up the closest tree—the higher the better, just be careful not to drop those binoculars and break their lenses. Then look again, strain your eyes, and stare through the binoculars out to the horizon.
The higher up you climb, the farther you will see. Usually, we tend to relate this to Earthly obstacles—like the fact we have houses or other trees obstructing our vision on the ground, and climbing upwards we have a clear view—but that’s not the true reason. Even if you stood on a completely clear plateau with no obstacles between you and the horizon, you would see much farther from the greater height than you would on the ground.
This phenomenon is caused by the curvature of the Earth as well, and would not happen if the Earth was flat:
Next, climb up the closest tree—the higher the better, just be careful not to drop those binoculars and break their lenses. Then look again, strain your eyes, and stare through the binoculars out to the horizon.
The higher up you climb, the farther you will see. Usually, we tend to relate this to Earthly obstacles—like the fact we have houses or other trees obstructing our vision on the ground, and climbing upwards we have a clear view—but that’s not the true reason. Even if you stood on a completely clear plateau with no obstacles between you and the horizon, you would see much farther from the greater height than you would on the ground.
This phenomenon is caused by the curvature of the Earth as well, and would not happen if the Earth was flat:
Vanishing Points on a Large Sphere
Finally, flat Earthers always come up with their question : "Show us the curve!". One has indeed to go very far up to see a curved horizon. However ordinary aerial photography can reveal a curve also. Parallel lines that run towards the horizon appear to converge in a vanishing point that is on the horizon, provided these parallel lines are on a infinite plane. On a large sphere, these vanishing points will be above the horizon, as the terrain drops down in the distance due to Earths curvature. See the picture below, and the film "The curve hidden in plain sight...no flat Earth".
The pull of Gravity proves the earth is a sphere
Here’s an interesting fact about mass: It attracts things to it. The force of attraction (gravity) between two objects depends on their mass and the distance between them. Simply said, gravity will pull toward the center of mass of the objects. To find the center of mass, you have to examine the object.
Consider a sphere. Since a sphere has a consistent shape, no matter where on it you stand, you have exactly the same amount of sphere under you. (Imagine an ant walking around on a crystal ball. From the insect’s point of view, the only indication of movement would be the fact the ant is moving its feet—the shape of the surface would not change at all.) A sphere’s center of mass is in the center of the sphere, which means gravity will pull anything on the surface of the sphere straight down toward the center of the sphere. This will occur no matter where on the surface the object is located.
On a sphere’s surface, gravity will pull you toward the sphere’s center of mass: straight down.
Here’s an interesting fact about mass: It attracts things to it. The force of attraction (gravity) between two objects depends on their mass and the distance between them. Simply said, gravity will pull toward the center of mass of the objects. To find the center of mass, you have to examine the object.
Consider a sphere. Since a sphere has a consistent shape, no matter where on it you stand, you have exactly the same amount of sphere under you. (Imagine an ant walking around on a crystal ball. From the insect’s point of view, the only indication of movement would be the fact the ant is moving its feet—the shape of the surface would not change at all.) A sphere’s center of mass is in the center of the sphere, which means gravity will pull anything on the surface of the sphere straight down toward the center of the sphere. This will occur no matter where on the surface the object is located.
On a sphere’s surface, gravity will pull you toward the sphere’s center of mass: straight down.
Consider a flat plane. The center of mass of a flat plane is in its center, so the force of gravity will pull anything on the surface toward the middle of the plane. That means that if you stand on the edge of the plane, gravity will be pulling you sideways toward the plane’s middle, not straight down like you usually experience when you stand on Earth.
I am quite positive that, even for Australians, an apple falls downwards, not sideways. But if you have your doubts, I urge you to try dropping something—just make sure it’s nothing that can break or hurt you.
A plane’s center of mass is in its middle—which means that gravity should pull objects toward the center of the plane.
I am quite positive that, even for Australians, an apple falls downwards, not sideways. But if you have your doubts, I urge you to try dropping something—just make sure it’s nothing that can break or hurt you.
A plane’s center of mass is in its middle—which means that gravity should pull objects toward the center of the plane.
Flat Earth advocates rely upon made up excuses and invented forces to explain away the problems of their model. They claim that light, perspective, and gravity work differently than we understand from the evidence of science and our senses. Many claim that gravity does not exist at all. This claim is necessary because everyone on every part of the Earth’s surface feels a roughly equal gravitational pull straight down toward their feet, which only makes sense on a globe: gravity pulls everyone down toward the planet’s center of mass. Gravity would feel very different on a Flat Earth. A disc-world’s center of mass would not be located straight down from most parts of the surface. People standing at the central North Pole would feel a vertical downward pull, but everyone further from the center of the disc would feel gravity pull at an angle. At the edges of the disc, the pull of gravity would be almost horizontal. This would pull the oceans and atmosphere inward toward the center of the disc, drowning the center and leaving the outer edges airless and uninhabitable. Standard gravity would also pull down the Flat Earth model’s tiny nearby Sun and Moon to crash into the North Pole. Since none of these things happen, we know the world is not flat!
Rather than confront the problem of gravity, Flat Earthers respond by dismissing gravity altogether. Even though in 2016 gravity waves were detected by LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) in Washington and Louisiana for the first time with such precision as to make general relativity one of the most accurate theories we have (the best theory and most accurate theory of gravity we have PROVING its existence as a curvature in 4D spacetime).
If the “traditional theory of gravitation” is “incompatible with the Flat Earth Model,” then gravity must be weak or nonexistent. But if that were the case, wouldn’t you be floating out of your chair right now? Why would objects fall when you drop them? According to one common Flat Earth claim, objects fall because the Earth “is constantly accelerating up at a rate of 32 feet per second squared (or 9.8 meters per second squared). This constant acceleration causes what you think of as gravity. This handwaving explanation doesn’t work. If our world is accelerating upward, why doesn’t the Flat Earth crash into the tiny Sun and Moon above us? What force could cause the Flat Earth—an entire world—to constantly accelerate at a perfectly even rate? How would the flat surface remain perfectly oriented with the direction of acceleration without ever tumbling (or even slightly wobbling)?
Rather than confront the problem of gravity, Flat Earthers respond by dismissing gravity altogether. Even though in 2016 gravity waves were detected by LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) in Washington and Louisiana for the first time with such precision as to make general relativity one of the most accurate theories we have (the best theory and most accurate theory of gravity we have PROVING its existence as a curvature in 4D spacetime).
If the “traditional theory of gravitation” is “incompatible with the Flat Earth Model,” then gravity must be weak or nonexistent. But if that were the case, wouldn’t you be floating out of your chair right now? Why would objects fall when you drop them? According to one common Flat Earth claim, objects fall because the Earth “is constantly accelerating up at a rate of 32 feet per second squared (or 9.8 meters per second squared). This constant acceleration causes what you think of as gravity. This handwaving explanation doesn’t work. If our world is accelerating upward, why doesn’t the Flat Earth crash into the tiny Sun and Moon above us? What force could cause the Flat Earth—an entire world—to constantly accelerate at a perfectly even rate? How would the flat surface remain perfectly oriented with the direction of acceleration without ever tumbling (or even slightly wobbling)?
If the “traditional theory of gravitation” is “incompatible with the Flat Earth Model,” then gravity must be weak or nonexistent. But if that were the case, wouldn’t you be floating out of your chair right now? Why would objects fall when you drop them? According to one common Flat Earth claim, objects fall because the Earth “is constantly accelerating up at a rate of 32 feet per second squared (or 9.8 meters per second squared). This constant acceleration causes what you think of as gravity. This handwaving explanation doesn’t work. If our world is accelerating upward, why doesn’t the Flat Earth crash into the tiny Sun and Moon above us? What force could cause the Flat Earth—an entire world—to constantly accelerate at a perfectly even rate? How would the flat surface remain perfectly oriented with the direction of acceleration without ever tumbling (or even slightly wobbling)?
FLAT EARTH CLAIM: Not a single experiment in history, however, has shown an object massive enough to, by virtue of its mass alone, cause other smaller masses to be attracted to it as Newton claims “gravity” does with Earth, the Sun, Moon, Stars and Planets.
WRONG!!
First, since it predicts planetary orbits very well, and led to the discovery of a new planet when it didn't fit, it's quite well established even without direct experimentation.
You do realize airplanes, rockets, satellites and various other things are built using Newton's law of gravity? Good.
Apparently, the magic theory of gravity has never been proven. Except, of course, by experiment? By planes? By springs, slings, waves, projectile motion, satellites, rocket motion, the motion of planets, and so on and so forth?
So here's the Cavendish experiment:
The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–98 by British scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant
You know, it's generally a good idea to keep up to date. Using arguments that haven't been valid since before the bedford level experiments - arguments that haven't been valid for more than 200 years doesn't bode well for your credibility.
Note that the Cavendish experiment has been reproduced a great number of times.
FLAT EARTH CLAIM: Not a single experiment in history, however, has shown an object massive enough to, by virtue of its mass alone, cause other smaller masses to be attracted to it as Newton claims “gravity” does with Earth, the Sun, Moon, Stars and Planets.
WRONG!!
First, since it predicts planetary orbits very well, and led to the discovery of a new planet when it didn't fit, it's quite well established even without direct experimentation.
You do realize airplanes, rockets, satellites and various other things are built using Newton's law of gravity? Good.
Apparently, the magic theory of gravity has never been proven. Except, of course, by experiment? By planes? By springs, slings, waves, projectile motion, satellites, rocket motion, the motion of planets, and so on and so forth?
So here's the Cavendish experiment:
The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–98 by British scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant
You know, it's generally a good idea to keep up to date. Using arguments that haven't been valid since before the bedford level experiments - arguments that haven't been valid for more than 200 years doesn't bode well for your credibility.
Note that the Cavendish experiment has been reproduced a great number of times.
General Relativity Proves the Earth is a Sphere
And people do not realize the research of the LIGO observatory that detected a gravity wave for the FIRST TIME in history in the form of a "chirp" that was detected in 2 separate labs at the same time in 2017 (which earned Kip Thorne a Nobel Price),and confirmed gravity waves being real and Einstein's general relativity to an accuracy rivaled only by QED. And in the theory of General Relativity, a flat earth is an impossibility, which would mean we would need to throw out one of the best theories the human mind has ever discovered. Also general relativity precisely predicted the perihelion of mercury, gravitational lensing and much more.
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Flat Earthers Try to Explain Gravity with Density and Bouyancy.
Using just one example - gravity, all that flat earthers can come up with is density and buoyancy to describe gravity. Density is a scalar so that cannot be right, because we know gravity is a vector (has magnitude and direction). You can see it has direction when you drop something, it always goes down towards the earth's center of mass. Density is just mass per unit volume and explains nothing. Buoyancy is an upward force (see attached) that measures how much something floats and ironically the formula for Buoyancy INCLUDES GRAVITY (g in the equation)! You see how absurd? So basically they are ADMITTING gravity in they're use of the term buoyancy??? And neither of these Flat Earth ideas can explain why things fall 9.8 m/s^2. Nobody can deny this as it is easy to see with a ruler and stopwatch. And this is just one example of dozens.
Bottom line is there is no unifying theory with actual practical equations to make any kind of predications and because of that it should be discarded.
Using just one example - gravity, all that flat earthers can come up with is density and buoyancy to describe gravity. Density is a scalar so that cannot be right, because we know gravity is a vector (has magnitude and direction). You can see it has direction when you drop something, it always goes down towards the earth's center of mass. Density is just mass per unit volume and explains nothing. Buoyancy is an upward force (see attached) that measures how much something floats and ironically the formula for Buoyancy INCLUDES GRAVITY (g in the equation)! You see how absurd? So basically they are ADMITTING gravity in they're use of the term buoyancy??? And neither of these Flat Earth ideas can explain why things fall 9.8 m/s^2. Nobody can deny this as it is easy to see with a ruler and stopwatch. And this is just one example of dozens.
Bottom line is there is no unifying theory with actual practical equations to make any kind of predications and because of that it should be discarded.
Using Fair Weather Electric Field to Explain Gravity
I have heard some flat earthers try to evoke electrostatics and the earth's fair weather electric field to explain gravity. This is beyond absurb because it changes 1000 fold during thunderstorms AND it reverses signs (akin to antigravity).
I have heard some flat earthers try to evoke electrostatics and the earth's fair weather electric field to explain gravity. This is beyond absurb because it changes 1000 fold during thunderstorms AND it reverses signs (akin to antigravity).
Flat Earthers and Claim we are moving too fast
Claim: Flat Earthers Think we should be "Feeling" the rotation of the earth.
Here is one post as an example:
"Do you think you are on a ball spinning on an axis at 1,000 miles per hour?
And this ball is spinning around the sun at 67,000 miles per hour?
Trust your eyes, trust your experience. Have you ever felt movement?
Why is that?"
And also 490,000 mph through the galaxy
And our galaxy is moving 1.3 million miles per hour.
HERE IS WHY
Actually it is easily explained
**EASY TO EXPLAIN WITH REAL SCIENCE**
YES the Earth moves very fast. It spins (rotates) at a speed of about 1,000 miles per hour and orbits around the Sun at a speed of about 67,000 miles per hour. We do not feel any of this motion because these speeds are constant. The spinning and orbital speeds of Earth stay the same so we do not feel any acceleration or deceleration. You can only feel motion if your speed changes. For example, if you are in a plane at cruising altitude which is moving at a constant speed of even 500-600 miles per hour (with no turbulence), you will not feel much motion. However, when the plane accelerates or decelerates or if there is turbulence, then you DO feel acceleration. You feel acceleration, not constant speed.
When you jump up in the earth you come back down by conservation of momentum. Boat, bullet and lighthouse all moving together, so it will.
Flat earthers really show their ignorance of basic science like the conservation of momentum when they try to explain a bullet will miss its target because the earth rotates out from under it. The boat bullet and lighthouse are all moving around the earth together and the bullet will continue with the same momentum the boat has once it leaves the gun. It's the same reason that when we jump up in the air, the earth does move under us.
Claim: Flat Earthers Think we should be "Feeling" the rotation of the earth.
Here is one post as an example:
"Do you think you are on a ball spinning on an axis at 1,000 miles per hour?
And this ball is spinning around the sun at 67,000 miles per hour?
Trust your eyes, trust your experience. Have you ever felt movement?
Why is that?"
And also 490,000 mph through the galaxy
And our galaxy is moving 1.3 million miles per hour.
HERE IS WHY
Actually it is easily explained
**EASY TO EXPLAIN WITH REAL SCIENCE**
YES the Earth moves very fast. It spins (rotates) at a speed of about 1,000 miles per hour and orbits around the Sun at a speed of about 67,000 miles per hour. We do not feel any of this motion because these speeds are constant. The spinning and orbital speeds of Earth stay the same so we do not feel any acceleration or deceleration. You can only feel motion if your speed changes. For example, if you are in a plane at cruising altitude which is moving at a constant speed of even 500-600 miles per hour (with no turbulence), you will not feel much motion. However, when the plane accelerates or decelerates or if there is turbulence, then you DO feel acceleration. You feel acceleration, not constant speed.
When you jump up in the earth you come back down by conservation of momentum. Boat, bullet and lighthouse all moving together, so it will.
Flat earthers really show their ignorance of basic science like the conservation of momentum when they try to explain a bullet will miss its target because the earth rotates out from under it. The boat bullet and lighthouse are all moving around the earth together and the bullet will continue with the same momentum the boat has once it leaves the gun. It's the same reason that when we jump up in the air, the earth does move under us.
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Now you might say, BUT constant circular motion DOES produce a centrifugal acceleration. And you would be correct to say that. But because the earth is so big our tangential velocity is almost a perfect straight line our speed of even 1000 miles per hour is a constant one. I say almost but not quite which is why you weigh less about at the equator than the poles. It turns out the centrifugal acceleration/force is VERY low (only 1% of the acceleration/force due to gravity) and hence why we do not feel it. But it is EASILY calculated and explained with science and simple math. You are only a LITTLE BIT lighter (1% less = 2 pounds less if you weigh 200 pounds) at the equator than the poles, but yet it is measurable. Because of this LOW centrifugal force, the water, atmosphere and everything on the earth is rotating at the same speed and not flying away as the gravitational force (which you see every time you weigh yourself) is MUCH MUCH larger! (NOTE: earth's orbit around the sun is even straighter so there is even LESS centrifugal force and solar system going through galaxy even much more so. ALL these are constant velocities which is WHY they CANNOT be felt!!)
You can also think of it this way. The earth ROTATES VERY SLOWLY... It is only because it is 8000 miles in diameter is the tangential velocity at the equator high.
IF YOU rotated the same speed as the earth you would move TWICE as slow as the hour hand on your clock. Imagine rotating that slow yourself.
(BTW - flat-earthers have NO explanation of why people are LIGHTER at the equator than the poles, as it only makes sense in a spinning earth with its size and mass making one rotation a day.
And how is my explanation a word salad, it is actually science that has been known for several hundred years now. We know the earth's rotation speed = 1 revolution/1 day = 444 m/s at equator). We know the mass. We know the radius. We can easily calculate the centrifugal acceleration and SEE that it is MUCH MUCH less then the gravitational acceleration. This is why the water stays stuck to the spinning earth... The earth is spinning slow and the gravitational force is large because the earth is massive. What about that is a word salad? It is straight forward observable physics.
You can also think of it this way. The earth ROTATES VERY SLOWLY... It is only because it is 8000 miles in diameter is the tangential velocity at the equator high.
IF YOU rotated the same speed as the earth you would move TWICE as slow as the hour hand on your clock. Imagine rotating that slow yourself.
(BTW - flat-earthers have NO explanation of why people are LIGHTER at the equator than the poles, as it only makes sense in a spinning earth with its size and mass making one rotation a day.
And how is my explanation a word salad, it is actually science that has been known for several hundred years now. We know the earth's rotation speed = 1 revolution/1 day = 444 m/s at equator). We know the mass. We know the radius. We can easily calculate the centrifugal acceleration and SEE that it is MUCH MUCH less then the gravitational acceleration. This is why the water stays stuck to the spinning earth... The earth is spinning slow and the gravitational force is large because the earth is massive. What about that is a word salad? It is straight forward observable physics.
Flat Earth Tennis Ball Nonsense
Easy to explain, earth is rotating very slowly (once every 24 hours) and the mass of six sextillion tons via gravity EASILY keeps the water in place.
Go on a merry go round and rotate once every 24 hours... EXTREMELY SLOW!
Flat earthers confuse rotational speed and tangential speed.
Those pictures flat earthers use with tennis balls throwing off water are laughable. One, because they are spinning thousands of times faster than our earth spins, and two, they have so little mass, there is next to zero gravitational force.
All easily explained by high school physics.
Also Vacuums in space are not vacuum cleaners, they do not "suck".
Plus you misunderstand how LITTLE water there is on the planet, it would equate to only 1 tablespoon of water on the average sized globe (a very thing layer). Why Because the earth is 8000 miles in diameter and the mariana trench (deepest part of ocean), is only 7 miles by comparison.
But I, like you am against the shots, masks and agendas.
Easy to explain, earth is rotating very slowly (once every 24 hours) and the mass of six sextillion tons via gravity EASILY keeps the water in place.
Go on a merry go round and rotate once every 24 hours... EXTREMELY SLOW!
Flat earthers confuse rotational speed and tangential speed.
Those pictures flat earthers use with tennis balls throwing off water are laughable. One, because they are spinning thousands of times faster than our earth spins, and two, they have so little mass, there is next to zero gravitational force.
All easily explained by high school physics.
Also Vacuums in space are not vacuum cleaners, they do not "suck".
Plus you misunderstand how LITTLE water there is on the planet, it would equate to only 1 tablespoon of water on the average sized globe (a very thing layer). Why Because the earth is 8000 miles in diameter and the mariana trench (deepest part of ocean), is only 7 miles by comparison.
But I, like you am against the shots, masks and agendas.
Vacuums don't "suck"
The vacuum argument doesn't hold. Vacuums never “suck” air. ... In fact, at the upper limits of the atmosphere, the air pressure reduces to basically nil. And since there's no real air pressure to speak of up there, then there is no force pushing the air into the empty space. Now, this doesn't mean gravity isn't at work here, quite the contrary it does. Flat earthers lack a basic understanding of how atmospheric pressure works. Towards sea level the pressure IS high, so creating vacuums in those situations WILL have a lot of pressure.
The vacuum argument doesn't hold. Vacuums never “suck” air. ... In fact, at the upper limits of the atmosphere, the air pressure reduces to basically nil. And since there's no real air pressure to speak of up there, then there is no force pushing the air into the empty space. Now, this doesn't mean gravity isn't at work here, quite the contrary it does. Flat earthers lack a basic understanding of how atmospheric pressure works. Towards sea level the pressure IS high, so creating vacuums in those situations WILL have a lot of pressure.
Coriolis Force is Real
Coriolis DOES happen, ask any military ballistics expert knows you have to factor in the Coriolis force to give accurate projectile motion over a long distance. It is a VERY REAL and measurable force that comes from the earth's ROTATION (again something else not explainable on flat earth). Not to mention it is the force responsible for clockwise and counterclockwise storm rotations in both hemispheres. Again just ignorance of very basic and observable science.
Flat earthers like to use this image to the right below which has winds traveling in counter-rotating directions, but this directly conflicts with their model for the seasons. WE KNOW storm rotations do NOT vary by the seasons. So flat earthers by attempting to explaining one in their model disprove another. And there explanations on how the sun and moon can actually cause these patterns is electromagnetism (magnetic magic) but that makes no sense whatsoever? There is just no possible way this is correct and besides, wouldn't our compasses then start following the sun?? How can the winds be faster in the Southern Hemisphere? Why are storms faster down there? Non of this makes ANY kind of sense!
In actuality, the Coriolis effect is based on physics of rotating bodies, that is why the equator is the dividing line.
Coriolis DOES happen, ask any military ballistics expert knows you have to factor in the Coriolis force to give accurate projectile motion over a long distance. It is a VERY REAL and measurable force that comes from the earth's ROTATION (again something else not explainable on flat earth). Not to mention it is the force responsible for clockwise and counterclockwise storm rotations in both hemispheres. Again just ignorance of very basic and observable science.
Flat earthers like to use this image to the right below which has winds traveling in counter-rotating directions, but this directly conflicts with their model for the seasons. WE KNOW storm rotations do NOT vary by the seasons. So flat earthers by attempting to explaining one in their model disprove another. And there explanations on how the sun and moon can actually cause these patterns is electromagnetism (magnetic magic) but that makes no sense whatsoever? There is just no possible way this is correct and besides, wouldn't our compasses then start following the sun?? How can the winds be faster in the Southern Hemisphere? Why are storms faster down there? Non of this makes ANY kind of sense!
In actuality, the Coriolis effect is based on physics of rotating bodies, that is why the equator is the dividing line.
Santiago to Sydney Flights are way too quick. Plane would have to be going at well beyond supersonic speeds.
Flat earthers try to explain it with 200 mph winds that push the plane along in one direction. But besides these being hurricane force winds everyone would feel, how is it the return flight is about the same time? Does each plane have its own personal tornado??
Flat earthers try to explain it with 200 mph winds that push the plane along in one direction. But besides these being hurricane force winds everyone would feel, how is it the return flight is about the same time? Does each plane have its own personal tornado??
The Schumann Resonance proves the earth is a sphere
Another proof that the earth is a sphere is the Schumann Resonance. I wrote a book on PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic fields) and have a whole chapter dedicated to the earth's magnetic field and how it is generated AND the Schumann Resonances and how they are generated (and why they are essential to life).
It turns out Otto Schumann using the model of the earth as SPHERE (of course) and the cavity between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere as spherical condenser (aka Capacitor), he was able to calculate the Schumann frequencies (why it is named after him) BEFORE sensitive enough detectors could measure it. The Schumann resonance, which is essential for life in many ways, CANNOT be created from a Flat earth, because it is a quasi spherical standing wave the comes from ~7 million lightning strikes a day that 'ring' this SPHERICAL cavity to the tune of 7.83 Hz and its higher harmonics. I find this argument is not talked about but it is CLEAR disproof of a flat earth.
Not to mention the dynamo theory of how the magnetosphere is created is based on a spherical earth, and there are ways you can measure the earth's magnetic field that PROVE it is a sphere (like how the magnetic field intensity increases with latitude precisely in alignment with a spherical earth that creates a huge magnetic dipole).
The magnetic field that compasses rely upon, auroras, and so on. And I have taught physics and science for a long time whether directly at the college level or indirectly in energy medicine.
It turns out Otto Schumann using the model of the earth as SPHERE (of course) and the cavity between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere as spherical condenser (aka Capacitor), he was able to calculate the Schumann frequencies (why it is named after him) BEFORE sensitive enough detectors could measure it. The Schumann resonance, which is essential for life in many ways, CANNOT be created from a Flat earth, because it is a quasi spherical standing wave the comes from ~7 million lightning strikes a day that 'ring' this SPHERICAL cavity to the tune of 7.83 Hz and its higher harmonics. I find this argument is not talked about but it is CLEAR disproof of a flat earth.
Not to mention the dynamo theory of how the magnetosphere is created is based on a spherical earth, and there are ways you can measure the earth's magnetic field that PROVE it is a sphere (like how the magnetic field intensity increases with latitude precisely in alignment with a spherical earth that creates a huge magnetic dipole).
The magnetic field that compasses rely upon, auroras, and so on. And I have taught physics and science for a long time whether directly at the college level or indirectly in energy medicine.
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SUMMARY
Flat earth is like a house of cards resting on quicksand.
Flat Earthers base their arguments on perceived flaws in mainstream science while ignoring major problems with their own claims.
And I get it, there are MANY flaws with some of the mainstream science revolving around medicine. But in the realm of pure physics, that is not the case in my lifelong study of it.
The biggest problem with Flat earth is they do not provide scientific evidence for their radical alternative model. Any good theory must be falsifiable and Flat earth can be falsifiable in dozens of ways (which I am going to explain in detail in the coming week). Nor do Flat Earth models explain the broad range of natural phenomena that are well-explained by the modern scientific understanding of the globe and its place in our solar system: planetary formation, volcanoes, tides, seasonal changes, the phases of the Moon, plate tectonics, earthquakes, the coldness of the poles.
Why do the Sun and Moon and stars appear to rise and set? Most Flat Earthers believe that the Sun and Moon are fairly close objects, each just a few miles across, which always hang above the Flat Earth. Supposedly both objects circle around the North Pole on a plane parallel to the Earth’s flat surface while shining down like lamps to illuminate different parts of the disc. (The Sun and Moon are illuminated and kept moving by unknown forces; neither object orbits anything.) If so, the Sun and Moon should be visible all the time from every part of the Earth’s surface. How could such a world ever experience a sunset? We never see the Sun grow noticeably dimmer or smaller with distance as we would in this Flat Earth model; instead, as the globe turns, the Sun passes out of view over the curvature of the horizon.
Flattening the globe also would severely distort the shapes of oceans and continents and the distances between them. Most notably, all proposed Flat Earth maps greatly expand the distances between southern landmasses. Countries that are relatively close together on a globe would be repositioned many times further away on opposite sides of a flat disc-world. In reality, for example, the distance between the northern countries of China and the USA is similar to the distance between the southern countries of Australia and South Africa—and so are the flight times to travel between them. That would not be true if Flat Earth maps were accurate.
All routes for planes and ships would be different on a Flat Earth, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. According to many Flat Earth maps, the shortest flight route between South America and Australia would cross over the North Pole! A conspiracy to conceal the flatness of the Earth would therefore have to include hundreds of thousands of airline pilots and ship captains as well as governments, space agencies, mapmakers, and Antarctic explorers.
There are no coherent natural explanations for anything in the Flat Earth model. Even when presented in secular language, Flat Earth claims describe an impossible and necessarily artificial world created and maintained through unexplainable miracles. A Flat Earth could only exist through supernatural or technological forces beyond our comprehension.
Believing that the Earth is flat requires not only a world-wide conspiracy to fake decades of space exploration, but also the wholesale denial of many branches of science and the evidence of our senses. It requires the invention of new forces and laws of nature without evidence, and implicitly relies upon the actions of a deity-like being or beings.
I have a lot more coming but that is a preview.
I am firm believer that outside the box thinking should be encouraged, and we should always be ready to challenge institutions and governments.
So many areas of government, science, airline pilots, flight attendants, comm. operators, etc etc must be in on it, it starts to get really absurd.
The manufacturing of a holographic sphere, playing a movie of the heavens which is operated by unknown entities oppressing us into slavery is really what we are left with. And perhaps that realization makes the whole thing make sense. Flat earthers want to live in a science fiction movie being the hero fighter.
We do not believe the earth is round because we are told it is round, or because we are repeating scientific dogma, we say it is round because it is the simplest explanation for what we see. The earth is round because the round earth model makes perfect sense of every observation we can make. No ad hoc reasoning , just a bunch of puzzle pieces that fit together to form a coherent view of the universe and everything in it.
This is the SAME reason the heliocentric model replaced the geocentric model when Copernicus and Kepler came around. It just works better. The orbits of the planets do not have to be explained by complex epicycles upon epicycles.
When you can take the time to study the pure sciences, seeing all this fit together is a beautiful thing. And by seeing, I mean you can perform experiments and see it for yourself. No indoctrination, no NASA conspiracies, simple experiments that clearly point a big and beautiful blue globe of wonder we call our home, planet earth!
Flat earth is like a house of cards resting on quicksand.
Flat Earthers base their arguments on perceived flaws in mainstream science while ignoring major problems with their own claims.
And I get it, there are MANY flaws with some of the mainstream science revolving around medicine. But in the realm of pure physics, that is not the case in my lifelong study of it.
The biggest problem with Flat earth is they do not provide scientific evidence for their radical alternative model. Any good theory must be falsifiable and Flat earth can be falsifiable in dozens of ways (which I am going to explain in detail in the coming week). Nor do Flat Earth models explain the broad range of natural phenomena that are well-explained by the modern scientific understanding of the globe and its place in our solar system: planetary formation, volcanoes, tides, seasonal changes, the phases of the Moon, plate tectonics, earthquakes, the coldness of the poles.
Why do the Sun and Moon and stars appear to rise and set? Most Flat Earthers believe that the Sun and Moon are fairly close objects, each just a few miles across, which always hang above the Flat Earth. Supposedly both objects circle around the North Pole on a plane parallel to the Earth’s flat surface while shining down like lamps to illuminate different parts of the disc. (The Sun and Moon are illuminated and kept moving by unknown forces; neither object orbits anything.) If so, the Sun and Moon should be visible all the time from every part of the Earth’s surface. How could such a world ever experience a sunset? We never see the Sun grow noticeably dimmer or smaller with distance as we would in this Flat Earth model; instead, as the globe turns, the Sun passes out of view over the curvature of the horizon.
Flattening the globe also would severely distort the shapes of oceans and continents and the distances between them. Most notably, all proposed Flat Earth maps greatly expand the distances between southern landmasses. Countries that are relatively close together on a globe would be repositioned many times further away on opposite sides of a flat disc-world. In reality, for example, the distance between the northern countries of China and the USA is similar to the distance between the southern countries of Australia and South Africa—and so are the flight times to travel between them. That would not be true if Flat Earth maps were accurate.
All routes for planes and ships would be different on a Flat Earth, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. According to many Flat Earth maps, the shortest flight route between South America and Australia would cross over the North Pole! A conspiracy to conceal the flatness of the Earth would therefore have to include hundreds of thousands of airline pilots and ship captains as well as governments, space agencies, mapmakers, and Antarctic explorers.
There are no coherent natural explanations for anything in the Flat Earth model. Even when presented in secular language, Flat Earth claims describe an impossible and necessarily artificial world created and maintained through unexplainable miracles. A Flat Earth could only exist through supernatural or technological forces beyond our comprehension.
Believing that the Earth is flat requires not only a world-wide conspiracy to fake decades of space exploration, but also the wholesale denial of many branches of science and the evidence of our senses. It requires the invention of new forces and laws of nature without evidence, and implicitly relies upon the actions of a deity-like being or beings.
I have a lot more coming but that is a preview.
I am firm believer that outside the box thinking should be encouraged, and we should always be ready to challenge institutions and governments.
So many areas of government, science, airline pilots, flight attendants, comm. operators, etc etc must be in on it, it starts to get really absurd.
The manufacturing of a holographic sphere, playing a movie of the heavens which is operated by unknown entities oppressing us into slavery is really what we are left with. And perhaps that realization makes the whole thing make sense. Flat earthers want to live in a science fiction movie being the hero fighter.
We do not believe the earth is round because we are told it is round, or because we are repeating scientific dogma, we say it is round because it is the simplest explanation for what we see. The earth is round because the round earth model makes perfect sense of every observation we can make. No ad hoc reasoning , just a bunch of puzzle pieces that fit together to form a coherent view of the universe and everything in it.
This is the SAME reason the heliocentric model replaced the geocentric model when Copernicus and Kepler came around. It just works better. The orbits of the planets do not have to be explained by complex epicycles upon epicycles.
When you can take the time to study the pure sciences, seeing all this fit together is a beautiful thing. And by seeing, I mean you can perform experiments and see it for yourself. No indoctrination, no NASA conspiracies, simple experiments that clearly point a big and beautiful blue globe of wonder we call our home, planet earth!