2020 Buyers Guide to PEMF Devices (Updated)
The Questions You Must Ask Before Buying a PEMF Machine
I. Introduction
It is a bit of a challenge to know exactly what kind of PEMF device to use and the best PEMF signal (ie waveform, intensity, and frequencies) to use in PEMF therapy and there are many conflicting opinions from different companies and so called experts which is a testament to this problem.
Unlike the red light therapy community, where Harvard research has conclusively shown what are the best frequencies and intensities for red light and laser therapy, no such conclusive evidence yet exists for PEMF.
But there IS much research and many clues, the most important coming from Nature and the resonant frequencies of the body, organs, tissues and cells.
I have been studying this problem for nearly 15 years, and I hope to shine a guiding light on the best possible signal for a PEMF device. Here is the punchline which I will elaborate on in this Buyers Guide and CONCLUDE with so you can appreciate deeply what it means.
Unlike the red light therapy community, where Harvard research has conclusively shown what are the best frequencies and intensities for red light and laser therapy, no such conclusive evidence yet exists for PEMF.
But there IS much research and many clues, the most important coming from Nature and the resonant frequencies of the body, organs, tissues and cells.
I have been studying this problem for nearly 15 years, and I hope to shine a guiding light on the best possible signal for a PEMF device. Here is the punchline which I will elaborate on in this Buyers Guide and CONCLUDE with so you can appreciate deeply what it means.
Start with a current through a coil - Magnetic Field
Need circular coils to cover full body
Strength of current and size of coil to create FLUX
Switch from N to S by changing direction of current (Right Hand Rule)
Change from DC to AC and add simple sine frequency
Use Fouriers Theorem to create waveforms - Square sawtooth
Use Higher Frequencies in Fourier Series to Create Sharp Edges, Slew rate, and rapid rise and fall. Carrier Frequencies NOT most biologically active.
Establish Frequency of Pulses called Repetition Rate - Give cells rest
Add extra complexity with Pulse Pause Modulation and embedded/nested bundles of pulses... Prevent Habituation.
Use a spectrum Analyzer to see Spectral Content - Shows Frequency spectrum and dominant frequencies in spectrum.
Use filters to boost frequency bands
Need circular coils to cover full body
Strength of current and size of coil to create FLUX
Switch from N to S by changing direction of current (Right Hand Rule)
Change from DC to AC and add simple sine frequency
Use Fouriers Theorem to create waveforms - Square sawtooth
Use Higher Frequencies in Fourier Series to Create Sharp Edges, Slew rate, and rapid rise and fall. Carrier Frequencies NOT most biologically active.
Establish Frequency of Pulses called Repetition Rate - Give cells rest
Add extra complexity with Pulse Pause Modulation and embedded/nested bundles of pulses... Prevent Habituation.
Use a spectrum Analyzer to see Spectral Content - Shows Frequency spectrum and dominant frequencies in spectrum.
Use filters to boost frequency bands
There are five basic categories of PEMF devices
1) Full Body Mat w/ Great Signal and Safe Intensity/Flux (BEST DEVICES)✓
2) Unsafe High Intensity ✗
3) Full Body Mat Cheap devices with Poor signals and coils ✗
4) Hand Held Devices - NOT BIG ENOUGH/Powerful Enough ✗
5) Devices that CLAIM to be PEMF and are not ✗
1) Full Body Mat w/ Great Signal and Safe Intensity/Flux (BEST DEVICES)✓
2) Unsafe High Intensity ✗
3) Full Body Mat Cheap devices with Poor signals and coils ✗
4) Hand Held Devices - NOT BIG ENOUGH/Powerful Enough ✗
5) Devices that CLAIM to be PEMF and are not ✗
Beware of biased marketing and bad science
Product Comparisons can be misleading as they are usually marketing tools from a company that has already determined the unit that is best because they represent that unit. Again check out my real physics of PEMF course.
Frequencies and Intensities
These ARE NOT the important parameters.
The KEY is the frequency spectrum (spectral content) and the Magnetic flux in Webers as we'll see.
So easy to be misled especially with intensity
a. High Intensity Companies using bad science to justify saying low intensity does not penetrate.
b. Cheaper devices that use bogus review pages to sell their cheap products. I have carefully read ALL these sits and they are infected with bad science and biased opinions. The machines ranked the best are the ones they sell.
Product Comparisons can be misleading as they are usually marketing tools from a company that has already determined the unit that is best because they represent that unit. Again check out my real physics of PEMF course.
Frequencies and Intensities
These ARE NOT the important parameters.
The KEY is the frequency spectrum (spectral content) and the Magnetic flux in Webers as we'll see.
So easy to be misled especially with intensity
a. High Intensity Companies using bad science to justify saying low intensity does not penetrate.
b. Cheaper devices that use bogus review pages to sell their cheap products. I have carefully read ALL these sits and they are infected with bad science and biased opinions. The machines ranked the best are the ones they sell.
14 Key Points for a PEMF device
1. Coils and Coherence - Full Body Mat, Local Applicators, tightly wound and circular coils.
2. Intensity, Flux and Penetration... Sensitive Level
3. Polarity Reversal - switch direction of current from clockwise to counterclockwise...
4. Frequency, Repetition Rate, Resonance and Spectral Content
5. Waveform and Faraday's Induction (Slew Rate , Speed of Induction)
6. Pulsetrain Complexity - Pulse Pause Modulation, nested pulses
7. Biorhythm and built in programs (boosting brain state frequencies/filters)
8. Accessories - Usually gimmicks but Biofeedback GOOD!
9. Quality, Warranty and Value - Made in China vs Quality European/U.S. Do not settle for cheap!
10. Proven and Reputable Company with Good Warranty
11) It is FDA Registered with other Quality Safety Certificates and Ratings
12. Research & Testimonials and Does it Work
13. Safety - Is it safe to use daily - ICNIRP
14. Where to Buy - Training and Support/ Ease of Use
1. Coils and Coherence - Full Body Mat, Local Applicators, tightly wound and circular coils.
2. Intensity, Flux and Penetration... Sensitive Level
3. Polarity Reversal - switch direction of current from clockwise to counterclockwise...
4. Frequency, Repetition Rate, Resonance and Spectral Content
5. Waveform and Faraday's Induction (Slew Rate , Speed of Induction)
6. Pulsetrain Complexity - Pulse Pause Modulation, nested pulses
7. Biorhythm and built in programs (boosting brain state frequencies/filters)
8. Accessories - Usually gimmicks but Biofeedback GOOD!
9. Quality, Warranty and Value - Made in China vs Quality European/U.S. Do not settle for cheap!
10. Proven and Reputable Company with Good Warranty
11) It is FDA Registered with other Quality Safety Certificates and Ratings
12. Research & Testimonials and Does it Work
13. Safety - Is it safe to use daily - ICNIRP
14. Where to Buy - Training and Support/ Ease of Use
1. PEMF COILS and Applicators
Coils and Coherence - Full Body Mat, Local Applicators, tightly wound and circular coils.
Full Body mat for Total Magnetic Field Immersion AND ALSO local applicators for FOCUSED healing and pain relief (in line with MIT research and antenna theory - Line of Sight/Field of View. Like a telescope (near field probe sideways).
Uses quality copper, Large and tightly wound circular coils for PURE magnetic resonance. PURE pulsating Magnetic Field - MIT, Physics of Magnetic fields.
Keywords: Coherence, Ampere's Law, Magnetic Dipole
PEMF Coils the Speakers or Antenna of PEMF System
Would you buy cheap speakers with a great sound system? Similarly, if you were a radio station, would you buy a cheap Antenna to transmit your Broadcast?
Of Course NOT!!!
The Coils of a PEMF system are one of THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS and one of the components hardly ANYONE is talking about. As a physicist, I find this shocking.
So I am VERY motivated to share with you the REAL physics of PEMF coils AND WHY it is SO IMPORTANT!!
Coils and Coherence - Full Body Mat, Local Applicators, tightly wound and circular coils.
Full Body mat for Total Magnetic Field Immersion AND ALSO local applicators for FOCUSED healing and pain relief (in line with MIT research and antenna theory - Line of Sight/Field of View. Like a telescope (near field probe sideways).
Uses quality copper, Large and tightly wound circular coils for PURE magnetic resonance. PURE pulsating Magnetic Field - MIT, Physics of Magnetic fields.
Keywords: Coherence, Ampere's Law, Magnetic Dipole
PEMF Coils the Speakers or Antenna of PEMF System
Would you buy cheap speakers with a great sound system? Similarly, if you were a radio station, would you buy a cheap Antenna to transmit your Broadcast?
Of Course NOT!!!
The Coils of a PEMF system are one of THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS and one of the components hardly ANYONE is talking about. As a physicist, I find this shocking.
So I am VERY motivated to share with you the REAL physics of PEMF coils AND WHY it is SO IMPORTANT!!
Coherence
The virtual photons in magnets and current loops that give rise to magnetic fields and magnetic forces are all lined up in the same direction.
Coherent Energy is when the energy of the fields are going in the same direction with the same phase or angular relationship.
Coherent Energy works against Entropy creating order and even life (also Negentropy or Syntropy). Coherent energy begets coherent health.
Incoherent Energy is photons and particles going all in different directions with no phase relationship. This is decoherence/Entropy. This is usually thermalized energy that CANNOT be used for work.
Life is Coherence. Sickness and death is Incoherence and Entropy.
The virtual photons in magnets and current loops that give rise to magnetic fields and magnetic forces are all lined up in the same direction.
Coherent Energy is when the energy of the fields are going in the same direction with the same phase or angular relationship.
Coherent Energy works against Entropy creating order and even life (also Negentropy or Syntropy). Coherent energy begets coherent health.
Incoherent Energy is photons and particles going all in different directions with no phase relationship. This is decoherence/Entropy. This is usually thermalized energy that CANNOT be used for work.
Life is Coherence. Sickness and death is Incoherence and Entropy.
2) Penetration
The magnetic force is also much more deeply penetrating than other forms of energy medicine due to the fact there are no magnetic monopoles, hence no shielding. No surface or needle electrode is required. No hand held electrifying tubes, no electric shocks of any kind.
Magnetic Fields are therefore non-invasive in the purest sense, and far easier and more efficient to apply. And there is no interference, impedance or dielectrics like electric field or microcurrents and no attenuation reflection/absorption issues like light therapy, lasers or LEDS.
This allows magnetic therapy and PEMF therapy devices to penetrate every nook and cranny of the body down into the very nucleus of every cell and the very bone marrow of your body.
The magnetic force is also much more deeply penetrating than other forms of energy medicine due to the fact there are no magnetic monopoles, hence no shielding. No surface or needle electrode is required. No hand held electrifying tubes, no electric shocks of any kind.
Magnetic Fields are therefore non-invasive in the purest sense, and far easier and more efficient to apply. And there is no interference, impedance or dielectrics like electric field or microcurrents and no attenuation reflection/absorption issues like light therapy, lasers or LEDS.
This allows magnetic therapy and PEMF therapy devices to penetrate every nook and cranny of the body down into the very nucleus of every cell and the very bone marrow of your body.
Magnetism, at its root, arises from CURRENT LOOPS!
ALMOST ALL MAGNETIC PHENOMENON ARE DUE TO PERFECTLY CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOPS!! This is VITALLY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND IN RELATION TO PEMF DEVICES BECAUSE AS WE'LL SEE THE QUALITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCES DEPENDS ON THE QUALITY OF THE CURRENT LOOPS. If there are NO CURRENT LOOPS THERE IS NO PURE MAGNETIC FIELD OR PEMF FIELD!!
ALMOST ALL MAGNETIC PHENOMENON ARE DUE TO PERFECTLY CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOPS!! This is VITALLY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND IN RELATION TO PEMF DEVICES BECAUSE AS WE'LL SEE THE QUALITY OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCES DEPENDS ON THE QUALITY OF THE CURRENT LOOPS. If there are NO CURRENT LOOPS THERE IS NO PURE MAGNETIC FIELD OR PEMF FIELD!!
Anatomy of the Perfect PEMF Coil
1. Wire Used - kind, quality and gauge. Creates a cleaner signal = Better Coherence
Magnet wire is copper wire which has been coated (or enameled) with a very thin layer of electrically insulating material. Most pemf devices I have looked at do not use the right kind of wire!!
Resistance increases with larger gauge (thinner wires) which equates to heat loss and diminished signal quality.
2) Large Diameter perfectly circular geometry - Increases Flux in Webers, Increases Energy stored in Field, Increases Penetration depth (or Intensity Gradient). Not 1/r^2 as Biot Savart equation for coils DEPENDS on both diameter of the coil and vector distance from center.
3) Tightly Wound for pure B -field vs plastic tubing and spacing and mesh design.
Purer magnetic field = better coherence
4) Full body mat with 6 large coils ideally. Don't settle for cheap battery powered hand held PEMF devices. Just like great stereos you don't just get ONE speaker, you need a full body mat with multiple coils to deliver pure pulsating magnetic field immersion to the ENTIRE BODY!
5) Local Applicators Pillow (two large coils) and Probe Pen (ferrous Core)
Many Windings, Large Coil
Pancake or Solenoid Coil (Solenoid 2 types)
Helmholtz and Butterfly
1. Wire Used - kind, quality and gauge. Creates a cleaner signal = Better Coherence
Magnet wire is copper wire which has been coated (or enameled) with a very thin layer of electrically insulating material. Most pemf devices I have looked at do not use the right kind of wire!!
Resistance increases with larger gauge (thinner wires) which equates to heat loss and diminished signal quality.
2) Large Diameter perfectly circular geometry - Increases Flux in Webers, Increases Energy stored in Field, Increases Penetration depth (or Intensity Gradient). Not 1/r^2 as Biot Savart equation for coils DEPENDS on both diameter of the coil and vector distance from center.
3) Tightly Wound for pure B -field vs plastic tubing and spacing and mesh design.
Purer magnetic field = better coherence
4) Full body mat with 6 large coils ideally. Don't settle for cheap battery powered hand held PEMF devices. Just like great stereos you don't just get ONE speaker, you need a full body mat with multiple coils to deliver pure pulsating magnetic field immersion to the ENTIRE BODY!
5) Local Applicators Pillow (two large coils) and Probe Pen (ferrous Core)
Many Windings, Large Coil
Pancake or Solenoid Coil (Solenoid 2 types)
Helmholtz and Butterfly
2. The Important of Flux vs Intensity
**Watch Video on Intensity for book**
Large Diameter perfectly circular geometry - Increases Flux in Webers, Increases Energy stored in Field, Increases Penetration depth (or Intensity Gradient). Not 1/r^2 as Biot Savart equation for coils DEPENDS on both diameter of the coil and vector distance from center.
Circular Loops = Pure Magnetic Field (everything else IS NOT!)
Large vs Small Coil Diameters = Larger Magnetic Flux = Larger Surface area of pure magnetic field and greater penetration depth.
Φ is the FLUX and is equal to the Intensity of the Field TIMES the AREA!!
You have to incorporate the size and Geometry of the Coil to Get the Right Answer!!
EMF is the electromotive force in Volts which is the drive force for ion transport in the body. Φ= L*I which means it depends on BOTH the intensity AND the geometry or SIZE of the coil!
More is not better, the key is magnetic flux and resonance, NOT really Intensity.
**Watch Video on Intensity for book**
Large Diameter perfectly circular geometry - Increases Flux in Webers, Increases Energy stored in Field, Increases Penetration depth (or Intensity Gradient). Not 1/r^2 as Biot Savart equation for coils DEPENDS on both diameter of the coil and vector distance from center.
Circular Loops = Pure Magnetic Field (everything else IS NOT!)
Large vs Small Coil Diameters = Larger Magnetic Flux = Larger Surface area of pure magnetic field and greater penetration depth.
Φ is the FLUX and is equal to the Intensity of the Field TIMES the AREA!!
You have to incorporate the size and Geometry of the Coil to Get the Right Answer!!
EMF is the electromotive force in Volts which is the drive force for ion transport in the body. Φ= L*I which means it depends on BOTH the intensity AND the geometry or SIZE of the coil!
More is not better, the key is magnetic flux and resonance, NOT really Intensity.
Magnetic Flux like electric flux is a scalar quantity, and in the magnetic case it has a special name - "WEBERS", which is abbreviated Wb and which has units T* m^2 (magnetic field times area).
In PEMF therapy, the Magnetic Flux HEAVILY depends on the area of the Coil. You have to integrate the magnetic field OVER THE ENTIRE AREA. Therefore larger coils have and exponentially LARGER flux as you increase the radius than smaller coils. Why because Area = pi*r^2. If you double the radius, the flux increases 4-fold. Quadruple the radius and it increases 16-fold.
In PEMF therapy, the Magnetic Flux HEAVILY depends on the area of the Coil. You have to integrate the magnetic field OVER THE ENTIRE AREA. Therefore larger coils have and exponentially LARGER flux as you increase the radius than smaller coils. Why because Area = pi*r^2. If you double the radius, the flux increases 4-fold. Quadruple the radius and it increases 16-fold.
In this image shown, the OMI pad has small little coils. The iMRS pillow applicator has coils that are 11x longer in radius. Therefore EVEN WITH THE SAME INTENSITY AT THE SURFACE, the Magnetic FLUX in webers of the iMRS 2000 is 121 times LARGER!!!
Lets use 20 uT (.00002 Tesla) which is reported intensity on the OMI pad. The iMRS 2000 on level 100 has about this intensity at the surface.
The magnetic flux of the OMI Pad is therefore .00002 Tesla*.02^2*pi = .0063 uWb (Tesla*m^2).
The magnetic flux of the iMRS 2000 pillow is .76 uW or 121 TIMES STRONGER.
Do you see how it is so easy to mislead with intensity ALONE??!!
Lets use 20 uT (.00002 Tesla) which is reported intensity on the OMI pad. The iMRS 2000 on level 100 has about this intensity at the surface.
The magnetic flux of the OMI Pad is therefore .00002 Tesla*.02^2*pi = .0063 uWb (Tesla*m^2).
The magnetic flux of the iMRS 2000 pillow is .76 uW or 121 TIMES STRONGER.
Do you see how it is so easy to mislead with intensity ALONE??!!
A NOTE ABOUT PENETRATION DEPTH - Technical Scientific/ Engineering Term.... Coherent Signals Penetrate Further!!
Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just beneath) the surface.
Penetration Depth = .97 Radius of Coil which is almost exact = Radius.
That is the penetration depth of a PEMF is directly related to the radius of the PEMF coil. For example, OMI pad uses 1cm radius coils which means the penetration depth is ONLY a centimeter (not good). iMRS 2000 uses 11 cm radius coils which means the penetration depth is about 11cm (11x OMI).
Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just beneath) the surface.
Penetration Depth = .97 Radius of Coil which is almost exact = Radius.
That is the penetration depth of a PEMF is directly related to the radius of the PEMF coil. For example, OMI pad uses 1cm radius coils which means the penetration depth is ONLY a centimeter (not good). iMRS 2000 uses 11 cm radius coils which means the penetration depth is about 11cm (11x OMI).
3. Polarity Reversal - switch direction of current from clockwise to counterclockwise...
**Switch from N to S by changing direction of current (Right Hand Rule)
Importance of Switching Polarity.
1) Circular Polarization - Antenna and Radio Theory Ideal Polarization to cover all possible receiving angles. All the cells in the body do seem to have an anisotropic orientation from top to bottom but there are many local variations so a good PEMF devices will cover all bases and all angles. Along with sweeping all frequencies and amplitudes within know biological windows, you need to switch polarity to resonant with BOTH clockwise and counterclockwise spins.
2) Preventing Habituation/Acclimation. This is important because the body will acclimate or habituate to a PEMF signal that is overly simplistic (like static magnets or a simple sine wave PEMF waveform). What this means is that you get diminishing benefits over time be- cause the body “get’s used to” a constant signal. NOTE: Polarity in a PEMF devices is a little different than North and South polarity in a static magnet, so it’s important to clarify this. Because PEMF devices have no magnets, they use (ideally) pure copper current loops to generate pulsed magnetic fields. By Ampere’s law in physics, a current in a circular loop creates a pure magnetic field. But PEMF devices deliver currents that have a frequency and variation, so switching polarity simply means the current in the loop switches direction (from clock- wise to counter-clockwise or the reverse). This gives added variation to the signal so the body does not become dependent on the same wave- form. On an oscilloscope, the signal turns upside down.
So called Experts and companies that say this is not necessary are speaking from a place of IGNORANCE!!!
Importance of Switching Polarity.
1) Circular Polarization - Antenna and Radio Theory Ideal Polarization to cover all possible receiving angles. All the cells in the body do seem to have an anisotropic orientation from top to bottom but there are many local variations so a good PEMF devices will cover all bases and all angles. Along with sweeping all frequencies and amplitudes within know biological windows, you need to switch polarity to resonant with BOTH clockwise and counterclockwise spins.
2) Preventing Habituation/Acclimation. This is important because the body will acclimate or habituate to a PEMF signal that is overly simplistic (like static magnets or a simple sine wave PEMF waveform). What this means is that you get diminishing benefits over time be- cause the body “get’s used to” a constant signal. NOTE: Polarity in a PEMF devices is a little different than North and South polarity in a static magnet, so it’s important to clarify this. Because PEMF devices have no magnets, they use (ideally) pure copper current loops to generate pulsed magnetic fields. By Ampere’s law in physics, a current in a circular loop creates a pure magnetic field. But PEMF devices deliver currents that have a frequency and variation, so switching polarity simply means the current in the loop switches direction (from clock- wise to counter-clockwise or the reverse). This gives added variation to the signal so the body does not become dependent on the same wave- form. On an oscilloscope, the signal turns upside down.
So called Experts and companies that say this is not necessary are speaking from a place of IGNORANCE!!!
"Frequency is a more important parameter than field strength for biological effect."
~ Robert Becker
~ Robert Becker
4. Frequency, Repetition Rate, Resonance and Spectral Content (Fourier Spectrum)
Need Broadband - Wide Range of Frequencies - Broad Spectrum / Wide Bandwidth! In 0-50 Hz range
PEMF: As the name pulsed electromagnetic field therapy implies; magnetic energy is transferred into the body by pulsing the energy with a repetition rate called frequency. Frequency is expressed in how many pulses or cycles per second are generated by the device.
Because all the frequencies present in all Therapeutic PEMF systems provide non-ionizing energy, they do not cause the body any harm!
Sweeps through cellular, and Tissue Resonant Frequencies (in line with Earth Frequencies).
Frequency Resonance and Frequency Spectrum/Bandwidth in Biological Windows (turns out to be what the earth gives us 0-50 Hz).
Two Types of Frequencies - Sine wave & pulse frequency (Repetition Rate).
The frequencies your body emits are in a range, and
Clue #1 - Squid Magnetometers used on Humans and in Geology to Establish what Magnetic Field Frequencies the Human Body EMITS. The frequencies a system emits are the frequencies it absorbs!!
Clue #2 - Established Research on the Cellular, Tissue, and Brain State Resonant Frequencies. Most PEMF devices do not cover the full spectrum of frequencies needed.
Keywords: Frequency, Resonance, Frequency Spectrum, Spectral Content, Slew Rate, harmonics, Repetition Rate
Repetition rate Frequency, in cycles per second, (or Hz) with which a periodic signal repeats itself. Typically used to describe nonsinusoidal signals that are repetitive.
Studies Confirming Repetition Rate in Complex Pulses are Most Biologically Active in the ELF (which is the range of earth frequencies!).
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/12/2028/htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303911386_Electromagnetic_Therapy_A_Primer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770670/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4759881/
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-015-0541-2
Need Broadband - Wide Range of Frequencies - Broad Spectrum / Wide Bandwidth! In 0-50 Hz range
PEMF: As the name pulsed electromagnetic field therapy implies; magnetic energy is transferred into the body by pulsing the energy with a repetition rate called frequency. Frequency is expressed in how many pulses or cycles per second are generated by the device.
Because all the frequencies present in all Therapeutic PEMF systems provide non-ionizing energy, they do not cause the body any harm!
Sweeps through cellular, and Tissue Resonant Frequencies (in line with Earth Frequencies).
Frequency Resonance and Frequency Spectrum/Bandwidth in Biological Windows (turns out to be what the earth gives us 0-50 Hz).
Two Types of Frequencies - Sine wave & pulse frequency (Repetition Rate).
The frequencies your body emits are in a range, and
Clue #1 - Squid Magnetometers used on Humans and in Geology to Establish what Magnetic Field Frequencies the Human Body EMITS. The frequencies a system emits are the frequencies it absorbs!!
Clue #2 - Established Research on the Cellular, Tissue, and Brain State Resonant Frequencies. Most PEMF devices do not cover the full spectrum of frequencies needed.
Keywords: Frequency, Resonance, Frequency Spectrum, Spectral Content, Slew Rate, harmonics, Repetition Rate
Repetition rate Frequency, in cycles per second, (or Hz) with which a periodic signal repeats itself. Typically used to describe nonsinusoidal signals that are repetitive.
Studies Confirming Repetition Rate in Complex Pulses are Most Biologically Active in the ELF (which is the range of earth frequencies!).
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/12/2028/htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303911386_Electromagnetic_Therapy_A_Primer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770670/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4759881/
https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-015-0541-2
3) Frequency: The Frequency f, is the number of cycles per unit time a wave repeats at a given point. The frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) named after the physicist Heinrich Hertz and equals the number of times the signal repeats itself in one second (the cycles per second).
This picture clearly shows the differences between various frequencies: the more waves you see during the same time window, the higher the frequency is.
The frequency of the blue at the bottom is higher than green which is higher than yellow, etc.
The frequency of the blue at the bottom is higher than green which is higher than yellow, etc.
TWO Components to Frequency that create a LOT of confusion in the PEMF Community.
1) Frequency as Cycles per second in a sine wave, and called Repetition Rate for more Complex Signals and is better defined as Pulses per Second. IT IS THE PULSE FREQUENCY THAT HAS THE RESONANT EFFECTS AND INFLUENCE ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM!
2) Frequency is cycles per second but in signal processing it is easier to think of frequency of how fast a signal is changing. We'll look at that more in the next section as that relates to INDUCTION effects.
1) Frequency as Cycles per second in a sine wave, and called Repetition Rate for more Complex Signals and is better defined as Pulses per Second. IT IS THE PULSE FREQUENCY THAT HAS THE RESONANT EFFECTS AND INFLUENCE ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM!
2) Frequency is cycles per second but in signal processing it is easier to think of frequency of how fast a signal is changing. We'll look at that more in the next section as that relates to INDUCTION effects.
But there are also Natural Magnetic Frequencies of the Earth in the Schumann Resonances and Geomagnetic Frequencies. Our body and minds are deeply connected to these natural frequencies and they provide a foundation for understanding WHAT frequencies our body's best respond to therapeutically.
Tissue Resonant Frequencies
This chart is ALL research based... NO SPECULATION!
Good PEMF systems like the iMRS 2000, BEMER and QRS with their complex waveforms create BUNDLES of frequencies to blanket this entire spectrum of cell and tissue resonant frequencies.
What that means is that good PEMF devices with a wide spectrum of frequencies are like an energetic multivitamin, charging, healing and regenerating ALL the body's tissues and cells AT ONCE.
Cheaper PEMF Systems have cheap waveforms with incomplete frequency spectrums and inadequate biological effects.
The analogy is like taking "just" vitamin A and vitamin D and nothing else vs taking a full spectrum multivitamin with A, B1,B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E, D, and full spectrum of minerals, etc.
This chart is ALL research based... NO SPECULATION!
Good PEMF systems like the iMRS 2000, BEMER and QRS with their complex waveforms create BUNDLES of frequencies to blanket this entire spectrum of cell and tissue resonant frequencies.
What that means is that good PEMF devices with a wide spectrum of frequencies are like an energetic multivitamin, charging, healing and regenerating ALL the body's tissues and cells AT ONCE.
Cheaper PEMF Systems have cheap waveforms with incomplete frequency spectrums and inadequate biological effects.
The analogy is like taking "just" vitamin A and vitamin D and nothing else vs taking a full spectrum multivitamin with A, B1,B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E, D, and full spectrum of minerals, etc.
Most of Research with PEMF is in the Lower Frequency Range and Low to Middle Intensity Ranges
Frequency Spectrum/ Spectral Content/ BioRegulation Therapy BRT
KAFKA, W.A.
BioElektro Magnetische Energy Regulation
Bernatzky G. u. a.: Nichtmedikamentöse Schmerztherapie Springer, Wien 2007
With reference to W. KAFKA, N. SCHÜTZE, M. WALTHER: Orthopädische Praxis (2005) 41, 22-24
Based on a number of experimental studies, W. Kafka was able to substantiate
the therapeutic effect of extremely slow and broadband pulsed electromagneticfields of low energy with proven stimulation of the molecular, intra-cellular and tissue related interactions that are the foundation of regulatory processes in organisms.
KAFKA, W.A.
BioElektro Magnetische Energy Regulation
Bernatzky G. u. a.: Nichtmedikamentöse Schmerztherapie Springer, Wien 2007
With reference to W. KAFKA, N. SCHÜTZE, M. WALTHER: Orthopädische Praxis (2005) 41, 22-24
Based on a number of experimental studies, W. Kafka was able to substantiate
the therapeutic effect of extremely slow and broadband pulsed electromagneticfields of low energy with proven stimulation of the molecular, intra-cellular and tissue related interactions that are the foundation of regulatory processes in organisms.
5. Waveform and Faraday's Induction (Slew Rate , Speed of Induction)
Waveform - Intensity, Flux,
EMF = -dΦ/dt , INDUCED Voltage!
Uses a Rapid Rise and Fall Signal for Maximal Induction and Ion Transport (in line with NASA study). Sawtooth / Squarewave
**Use Fouriers Theorem to create waveforms - Square sawtooth
**Use Higher Frequencies in Fourier Series to Create Sharp Edges, Slew rate, and rapid rise and fall. Carrier Frequencies NOT most biologically active.
Waveform - Intensity, Flux,
EMF = -dΦ/dt , INDUCED Voltage!
Uses a Rapid Rise and Fall Signal for Maximal Induction and Ion Transport (in line with NASA study). Sawtooth / Squarewave
**Use Fouriers Theorem to create waveforms - Square sawtooth
**Use Higher Frequencies in Fourier Series to Create Sharp Edges, Slew rate, and rapid rise and fall. Carrier Frequencies NOT most biologically active.
Let's Now Look at some examples as How Faraday's Law applies to PEMF devices.
1) Importance of Magnetic Flux vs Magnetic Field Strength (Intensity) Alone
2) Rapid Rise and Fall to give maximum induction not dB/dT (ΔΦ/Δt from Faraday's Law).
EMF = -dΦ/dt (EMF = Electromotive Force)
Faraday's Law is the EMF or OOMPH in PEMF
Rapid Rise and Fall Signals provide more OOMPH or ENERGY to your cells then slow rising waves.
The rise an fall time of the signal is THE most important parameter for inducing Energy in the Body, Tissues and Cells. We'll see the frequency spectrum is THE most important parameter for transferring INFORMATION to the body, tissues and cells though because both are connected, the division is only pedagogical.
1) Importance of Magnetic Flux vs Magnetic Field Strength (Intensity) Alone
2) Rapid Rise and Fall to give maximum induction not dB/dT (ΔΦ/Δt from Faraday's Law).
EMF = -dΦ/dt (EMF = Electromotive Force)
Faraday's Law is the EMF or OOMPH in PEMF
Rapid Rise and Fall Signals provide more OOMPH or ENERGY to your cells then slow rising waves.
The rise an fall time of the signal is THE most important parameter for inducing Energy in the Body, Tissues and Cells. We'll see the frequency spectrum is THE most important parameter for transferring INFORMATION to the body, tissues and cells though because both are connected, the division is only pedagogical.
Which Waveforms Deliver Maximum Benefits?
Next there is the waveform of the signal. The signal shape is equally as important as the frequency and intensity. The NASA study demonstrated that a rapid time varying waveform is most effective for promoting healing and regeneration.
There are two waveforms that meet this criteria, the saw tooth and the square wave; and ideally you'll want a PEMF device that has BOTH. Both the saw tooth and the square have rise and fall times that are far more abrupt than a simple sine waveform or triangle waveform. Again the more abrupt the rise and fall time, the greater the biological effect.
The key is the sharp rise time and fall time of the waveform. This is the characteristic that produces ion dissociation, resonance of cell membrane receptors, and maximum access to the “biological window.” Nerve impulse waveforms like a sine or triangle wave have gradual rise and fall times and are not capable of maximum ion dissociation. These devices ignore the many studies that demonstrate the profound biological effects of waveforms with sharp rise and fall times (such as the sawtooth and square waveforms).
Great DB/Dt Sawtooth and Squarewave
Both the sawtooth signal shape and the square waveform have rise and fall times that are far more abrupt than a simple sine wave. Some PEMF companies use a simple sine wave which is BETTER than static magnetic but much less dynamic that rapid rise and fall waveforms. Also you can only get one frequency at a time with only one set of harmonics from a simple sine wave.
Note the image shown is a simple repeating waveform... The best PEMF devices like the iMRS 2000, QRS and BEMER have a many layers of complexity that is NOT repeating. Cheaper PEMF units do not do this. We'll talk about this more in the next section.
MYTH: SIMPLE SINE WAVES RELATED TO EARTH PEMFs ARE NOT FOUND IN NATURE!
SO THEY ARE NOT MORE NATURAL AND MUCH LESS EFFECTIVE (As We'll See).
Next there is the waveform of the signal. The signal shape is equally as important as the frequency and intensity. The NASA study demonstrated that a rapid time varying waveform is most effective for promoting healing and regeneration.
There are two waveforms that meet this criteria, the saw tooth and the square wave; and ideally you'll want a PEMF device that has BOTH. Both the saw tooth and the square have rise and fall times that are far more abrupt than a simple sine waveform or triangle waveform. Again the more abrupt the rise and fall time, the greater the biological effect.
The key is the sharp rise time and fall time of the waveform. This is the characteristic that produces ion dissociation, resonance of cell membrane receptors, and maximum access to the “biological window.” Nerve impulse waveforms like a sine or triangle wave have gradual rise and fall times and are not capable of maximum ion dissociation. These devices ignore the many studies that demonstrate the profound biological effects of waveforms with sharp rise and fall times (such as the sawtooth and square waveforms).
Great DB/Dt Sawtooth and Squarewave
Both the sawtooth signal shape and the square waveform have rise and fall times that are far more abrupt than a simple sine wave. Some PEMF companies use a simple sine wave which is BETTER than static magnetic but much less dynamic that rapid rise and fall waveforms. Also you can only get one frequency at a time with only one set of harmonics from a simple sine wave.
Note the image shown is a simple repeating waveform... The best PEMF devices like the iMRS 2000, QRS and BEMER have a many layers of complexity that is NOT repeating. Cheaper PEMF units do not do this. We'll talk about this more in the next section.
MYTH: SIMPLE SINE WAVES RELATED TO EARTH PEMFs ARE NOT FOUND IN NATURE!
SO THEY ARE NOT MORE NATURAL AND MUCH LESS EFFECTIVE (As We'll See).
Slew Rate is the term used in signal processing for dB/dt.
...very fast speed of induction or 'slew rate'.
One way of measuring the quality of a sensed signal is to look at the slew rate. The slew rate refers to the slope of the intrinsic signal (Figure 8) and is measured in volts/second.
In electronics, slew rate is defined as the change of voltage or current, or any other electrical quantity, per unit of time. This is similar to Faraday's law as it shows how rapidly a signal rises and falls.
In other cases, a maximum slew rate is specified in order to limit the high frequency content present in the signal, thereby preventing such undesirable effects as ringing or radiated EMI.
Rapid Rise and Fall Requires higher frequency... Rise Time and Fall Time
Low frequency harder to filter because dB/dt or dV/dt.
Simple Sine wave also unless High frequency sine wave.
...very fast speed of induction or 'slew rate'.
One way of measuring the quality of a sensed signal is to look at the slew rate. The slew rate refers to the slope of the intrinsic signal (Figure 8) and is measured in volts/second.
In electronics, slew rate is defined as the change of voltage or current, or any other electrical quantity, per unit of time. This is similar to Faraday's law as it shows how rapidly a signal rises and falls.
In other cases, a maximum slew rate is specified in order to limit the high frequency content present in the signal, thereby preventing such undesirable effects as ringing or radiated EMI.
Rapid Rise and Fall Requires higher frequency... Rise Time and Fall Time
Low frequency harder to filter because dB/dt or dV/dt.
Simple Sine wave also unless High frequency sine wave.
Frequency is cycles per second but in signal processing it is easier to think of frequency of how fast a signal is changing. We'll look at that more in the next section as that relates to INDUCTION effects.
Higher Frequencies Create Sharp Edges!!
The song will play more quickly in time (double speed a 2 minute song will finish in 1 minute). BUT in the frequency domain, the higher speed song is 2x a wide!!
This is an everyday application of signal processing. Think of frequency as how fast a signal is changing in this example, how fast a song is playing.
Heartrate is something that is in the time domain and an EKG can visually show you that.
Heart Rate Variability is in the frequency Domain and shows how quickly the heart can speed up or slow down.
The Narrower a Pulse is in the Time Domain, the Greater the spectrum of frequencies.
Higher Frequencies Create Sharp Edges!!
The song will play more quickly in time (double speed a 2 minute song will finish in 1 minute). BUT in the frequency domain, the higher speed song is 2x a wide!!
This is an everyday application of signal processing. Think of frequency as how fast a signal is changing in this example, how fast a song is playing.
Heartrate is something that is in the time domain and an EKG can visually show you that.
Heart Rate Variability is in the frequency Domain and shows how quickly the heart can speed up or slow down.
The Narrower a Pulse is in the Time Domain, the Greater the spectrum of frequencies.
Sawtooth - IDEAL FOR INFORMATION/MODULATION
A sawtooth waveform has the unique ability to deliver bunches of frequencies simultaneously.
The sawtooth waveform is composed of various sine wave vibrations and has a BROAD FREQUENCY SPECTRUM. The fundamental vibration has the same frequency as the pulse train. The following harmonics are frequencies representing a multiple of the fundamental mode, but as a rule they also have a decreasing amplitude (height). If a structure such as a cell membrane oscillating with a sine wave vibration ( = oscillating circuit) is stimulated with a saw tooth pulse, ie., many individual sine waves of different amplitudes, the cell membrane will respond preferentially to a harmonic close to its natural frequency.
The great advantage of the saw tooth pulse in comparison with the individual sine pulse for the resonant effect lies precisely in this increased supply of oscillations. Also, a sawtooth waveform provides the maximum impulse or action potential across the cell membrane, which will boost the voltage of the cell (to improve the sodium potassium pump and recharge the TMP).
According to Liboff the therapeutic value of a given pulsed signal is highly dependent on how rapidly the rise and fall time happens (Rosch 2004). The rapid rise and fall time represents a high peak voltage value that is responsible for ion displacement in the body and recharging cellular voltage. Greater ion displacement exerts a stronger biological effect. The quintessence of the 20 years of magnetic field research is found in this waveform shape for PEMF therapy.
The sawtooth waveform was first introduced in 1974 by Bassett. Dr Bassett observed that a rapid rise and fall time induces the maximum current in a treated tissue as with the sawtooth. In his research it was the piezoelectric current induced which accelerated bone healing. As a result of Bassett's work, this waveform has been FDA approved in the USA for the treatment of non-union fractures and to aid in spinal fusion operations.
***Liboff AR. Signal Shapes in Electromagnetic Therapies: A Primer. Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. 2004, Rosch PJ and Markov MS, editors, page 32.
Conclusion: Unlike Simple sine waves or static magnets, the sawtooth changes continuously , producing constant induction of electromagnetism into the body's tissues, maximizing ion displacement and preventing cellular membrane fatigue. This means that the cell membrane remains responsive to the signals, maximizing the beneficial effects of electromagnetic stimulation for optimal health.
The sawtooth waveform is composed of various sine wave vibrations and has a BROAD FREQUENCY SPECTRUM. The fundamental vibration has the same frequency as the pulse train. The following harmonics are frequencies representing a multiple of the fundamental mode, but as a rule they also have a decreasing amplitude (height). If a structure such as a cell membrane oscillating with a sine wave vibration ( = oscillating circuit) is stimulated with a saw tooth pulse, ie., many individual sine waves of different amplitudes, the cell membrane will respond preferentially to a harmonic close to its natural frequency.
The great advantage of the saw tooth pulse in comparison with the individual sine pulse for the resonant effect lies precisely in this increased supply of oscillations. Also, a sawtooth waveform provides the maximum impulse or action potential across the cell membrane, which will boost the voltage of the cell (to improve the sodium potassium pump and recharge the TMP).
According to Liboff the therapeutic value of a given pulsed signal is highly dependent on how rapidly the rise and fall time happens (Rosch 2004). The rapid rise and fall time represents a high peak voltage value that is responsible for ion displacement in the body and recharging cellular voltage. Greater ion displacement exerts a stronger biological effect. The quintessence of the 20 years of magnetic field research is found in this waveform shape for PEMF therapy.
The sawtooth waveform was first introduced in 1974 by Bassett. Dr Bassett observed that a rapid rise and fall time induces the maximum current in a treated tissue as with the sawtooth. In his research it was the piezoelectric current induced which accelerated bone healing. As a result of Bassett's work, this waveform has been FDA approved in the USA for the treatment of non-union fractures and to aid in spinal fusion operations.
***Liboff AR. Signal Shapes in Electromagnetic Therapies: A Primer. Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. 2004, Rosch PJ and Markov MS, editors, page 32.
Conclusion: Unlike Simple sine waves or static magnets, the sawtooth changes continuously , producing constant induction of electromagnetism into the body's tissues, maximizing ion displacement and preventing cellular membrane fatigue. This means that the cell membrane remains responsive to the signals, maximizing the beneficial effects of electromagnetic stimulation for optimal health.
NASA Research on Ideal Wave Shape (Rapid Rise and Fall) Uses a Rapid Rise and Fall Signal for Maximal Induction and Ion Transport (in line with NASA study). Sawtooth / Squarewave
Eddie Currents and EMF come from Faradays law of induction.. The greater the change in current/voltage the greater the induction. This is PHYSICS not an opinion. Sine wave signals are the LEAST desirable as they change the slowest!
And contrary to what some same, nature does NOT use a sine wave!!!
Eddie Currents and EMF come from Faradays law of induction.. The greater the change in current/voltage the greater the induction. This is PHYSICS not an opinion. Sine wave signals are the LEAST desirable as they change the slowest!
And contrary to what some same, nature does NOT use a sine wave!!!
Because a changing magnetic field induces an electrical current (or movement of charged particles like Na, K, Ca etc.), having a rapid rise and fall waveform creates the most dramatic flow of energy (think of striking the flint on stone).
The abrupt rise and fall time creates a peak voltage across cellular membranes that are responsible for ion displacement in the cells.
*** Credit Card and Striking Match/Flint Analogies
The abrupt rise and fall time creates a peak voltage across cellular membranes that are responsible for ion displacement in the cells.
*** Credit Card and Striking Match/Flint Analogies
The Square-wave IDEAL FOR INDUCTION/ENERGY
From the NASA study, we know that the Square wave is ideal for local application to break up cycles of pain and promote healing and regeneration. This was proven by NASA to be the most effective waveform for this purpose. This is why you'll want to look for the NASA proven square wave on the pillow and pen/probe/pen and other localized applicators on a PEMF device.
The NASA study concluded, “The most effective electromagnetic field for repair of trauma was square wave with a rapid rate of change (dB/dT) - means the change in the magnetic field intensity with respect to time) which saw cell growth increased up to 4.0 times.” The NASA study further noted that “slowly varying (millisecond pulse, sine wave) or non varying DC had little to no effect.”
Only one or two of the waveforms had biological effects in the NASA study. Square or Trapezoidal wave .. There was very significant changes in Gene expression. Normal human neural progenitor and HNP cells in culture.
Scientific results were robust. NASA did two sets of experiments.
Squarewave for example has many frequency harmonics.
Depends on how sharp.
So a square wave is made of many individual frequencies and all these frequencies have energy in them.. Tends to die off as you go up in frequency.
Ringing banging and resonances.
How quickly it happens tells you how many higher harmonics there are....
Ringing and higher harmonics in rapid rise and fall waveforms.
Big secret is waveform to induce energy in cells.
Square changes have really high frequencies.
The NASA study concluded, “The most effective electromagnetic field for repair of trauma was square wave with a rapid rate of change (dB/dT) - means the change in the magnetic field intensity with respect to time) which saw cell growth increased up to 4.0 times.” The NASA study further noted that “slowly varying (millisecond pulse, sine wave) or non varying DC had little to no effect.”
Only one or two of the waveforms had biological effects in the NASA study. Square or Trapezoidal wave .. There was very significant changes in Gene expression. Normal human neural progenitor and HNP cells in culture.
Scientific results were robust. NASA did two sets of experiments.
Squarewave for example has many frequency harmonics.
Depends on how sharp.
So a square wave is made of many individual frequencies and all these frequencies have energy in them.. Tends to die off as you go up in frequency.
Ringing banging and resonances.
How quickly it happens tells you how many higher harmonics there are....
Ringing and higher harmonics in rapid rise and fall waveforms.
Big secret is waveform to induce energy in cells.
Square changes have really high frequencies.
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Spectrum Analysis of IMRS Similar though SKEWED to lower frequencies!
Only by looking at the signal with the eye of a Spectrum Analyzer can we TRULY SEE both the dominate frequencies AND the frequency spectrum (bandwidth).
The GOAL of PEMF in my opinion in the frequency domain is to have Dominant Frequency components in the LOWER frequency range WHILE covering a broad spectrum of biologically active frequency AND also higher frequencies in small amounts for sharp edges. This is an engineering feat indeed and one of the reasons that GOOD PEMF devies cost more and cheap ones are cheap.
BEST OF BOTH WORLDS - Induction and Low Frequency Resonance
Use rapid rise and fall signals with a rich spectral content that Have Repetition Rates in the Lower Biologically Active Frequency Windows!
The best PEMF systems do this (iMRS 2000, BEMER, QRS and a couple others).
But there is one more thing we need....
Only by looking at the signal with the eye of a Spectrum Analyzer can we TRULY SEE both the dominate frequencies AND the frequency spectrum (bandwidth).
The GOAL of PEMF in my opinion in the frequency domain is to have Dominant Frequency components in the LOWER frequency range WHILE covering a broad spectrum of biologically active frequency AND also higher frequencies in small amounts for sharp edges. This is an engineering feat indeed and one of the reasons that GOOD PEMF devies cost more and cheap ones are cheap.
BEST OF BOTH WORLDS - Induction and Low Frequency Resonance
Use rapid rise and fall signals with a rich spectral content that Have Repetition Rates in the Lower Biologically Active Frequency Windows!
The best PEMF systems do this (iMRS 2000, BEMER, QRS and a couple others).
But there is one more thing we need....
6. Pulsetrain Complexity - Pulse Pause Modulation
Complex Pulsetrain with pulses between bundles of Pulses and Switches polarity... This is essential to avoid cellular fatigue and habituation.
**Establish Frequency of Pulses called Repetition Rate - Give cells rest
Like Working out with Weights... Rest in between sets
**Add extra complexity with Pulse Pause Modulation and embedded/nested bundles of pulses... Prevent Habituation.
This cycle of bioelectromagnetic signaling of every cell within the field is continued for 8, 16 or 24 minutes, depending on the session time setting used. Every 2 minutes during this signaling the polarity is reversed to prevent cellular fatigue or accommodation to the signal. The intention of this is to maximize the biological effect.
Program 3 (mid-afternoon to evening: 3 pm to 8 pm)
The basic sawtooth signal shape is delivered at 64 Hz (level 1)
This is in bundles of 5 like above. (level 2)
These bundles are followed by a 36.75 ms pause
These 5-pulse packets are delivered 4 times followed by an 81 ms pause (level 3)
Both of these processes are repeated 20 times followed by a 3340 ms pause (level 4)
This is 4 layers of Complexity with an already complex Sawtooth signal.
Think of it like working out, say 4 body parts.
You start by doing bicep curls
5 reps (level 1)
Then 5 sets of 5 reps (level 2)
Then you do 5 reps and 5 sets for 4 other body parts (level 3)
Then you work out 20 times in a month (level 4).
(4 x 63 ms + 81 ms = 333 ms. 1/333 ms (x 1000) = 3 Hz Rated Frequency for Evening
Complex Pulsetrain with pulses between bundles of Pulses and Switches polarity... This is essential to avoid cellular fatigue and habituation.
**Establish Frequency of Pulses called Repetition Rate - Give cells rest
Like Working out with Weights... Rest in between sets
**Add extra complexity with Pulse Pause Modulation and embedded/nested bundles of pulses... Prevent Habituation.
This cycle of bioelectromagnetic signaling of every cell within the field is continued for 8, 16 or 24 minutes, depending on the session time setting used. Every 2 minutes during this signaling the polarity is reversed to prevent cellular fatigue or accommodation to the signal. The intention of this is to maximize the biological effect.
Program 3 (mid-afternoon to evening: 3 pm to 8 pm)
The basic sawtooth signal shape is delivered at 64 Hz (level 1)
This is in bundles of 5 like above. (level 2)
These bundles are followed by a 36.75 ms pause
These 5-pulse packets are delivered 4 times followed by an 81 ms pause (level 3)
Both of these processes are repeated 20 times followed by a 3340 ms pause (level 4)
This is 4 layers of Complexity with an already complex Sawtooth signal.
Think of it like working out, say 4 body parts.
You start by doing bicep curls
5 reps (level 1)
Then 5 sets of 5 reps (level 2)
Then you do 5 reps and 5 sets for 4 other body parts (level 3)
Then you work out 20 times in a month (level 4).
(4 x 63 ms + 81 ms = 333 ms. 1/333 ms (x 1000) = 3 Hz Rated Frequency for Evening
Complex Variation
LONGER TIME DOMAIN
5) Pulsetrain Complexity - Oscilloscope over larger time/space intervals
Birds Eye View over a longer duration.
(Need Complex Signal to Prevent Habituation & Cellular Fatigue).
Oscilloscope over larger time/space intervals.
The process of impressing intelligence or information onto an electromagnetic wave is called modulation.
Complex Signals in Good PEMF ... PEMF is music for your cells. Think Beethoven versus row row row your boat.
Clue #6 - Acclimation, Habituation and Neural Accommodation. Why you need a complex pulse train and Polarity Reversal. Biofeedback an added bonus.
7) Complex Pulsetrain with pulses between bundles of Pulses and Switches polarity... This is essential to avoid cellular fatigue and habituation.
Pulsetrain and Complexity - Layers of Frequencies to Prevent Habituation and Maximum Frequency Harmonics.
PEMF B.S. : Most PEMF devices use simplistic repeating waves with no complexity.
This is why simple frequencies do not justice to describing the whole signal.
Time signatures in sheet are used to specify how many beats are contained in each measure of music, and which note value is equivalent to one beat. Can be divided into simple, compound or complex.
***PEMF is exercise for the cells analogy
LONGER TIME DOMAIN
5) Pulsetrain Complexity - Oscilloscope over larger time/space intervals
Birds Eye View over a longer duration.
(Need Complex Signal to Prevent Habituation & Cellular Fatigue).
Oscilloscope over larger time/space intervals.
The process of impressing intelligence or information onto an electromagnetic wave is called modulation.
Complex Signals in Good PEMF ... PEMF is music for your cells. Think Beethoven versus row row row your boat.
Clue #6 - Acclimation, Habituation and Neural Accommodation. Why you need a complex pulse train and Polarity Reversal. Biofeedback an added bonus.
7) Complex Pulsetrain with pulses between bundles of Pulses and Switches polarity... This is essential to avoid cellular fatigue and habituation.
Pulsetrain and Complexity - Layers of Frequencies to Prevent Habituation and Maximum Frequency Harmonics.
PEMF B.S. : Most PEMF devices use simplistic repeating waves with no complexity.
This is why simple frequencies do not justice to describing the whole signal.
Time signatures in sheet are used to specify how many beats are contained in each measure of music, and which note value is equivalent to one beat. Can be divided into simple, compound or complex.
***PEMF is exercise for the cells analogy
Pulsetrain/Modulation COMPLEX WAVES
Modulation is the manipulation of frequencies into "packets" that themselves create a secondary frequency. Individual frequencies are bundled together, with built in pauses between bundles.
A collection of pulses travelling together creates a pulse train. Digital components in a computer communicate with each other using pulses. Pulses are also common in x-ray and communications equipment.
Dwell Time, Pause Time, Dead time...
Between individual impulses there is a pause called pulse-pause modulation.
Modulation is the manipulation of frequencies into "packets" that themselves create a secondary frequency. Individual frequencies are bundled together, with built in pauses between bundles.
A collection of pulses travelling together creates a pulse train. Digital components in a computer communicate with each other using pulses. Pulses are also common in x-ray and communications equipment.
Dwell Time, Pause Time, Dead time...
Between individual impulses there is a pause called pulse-pause modulation.
The signal information may be embedded in the form af amplitude, phase, and/or frequency variations.For example, look at Figure -- it is made up of many cycles of higher-frequency waveforms embedded in a lower-frequency "envelope." In this example it's usually most important to understand the relative levels and timing relationships of the steps
Rest time and fall time... Like Working out.
GOAL:
Cycling Through Biologically Active Amplitudes
Sweeping different Tissue Resonant Frequencies
Trying all orientations and polarization angles
Example of a Complex Pulsetrain and Why its Important
One of the reasons I REALLY like the iMRS 2000, is that it delivers the widest range of time varying impulses and amplitudes within known biological windows of 0-50 Hz and Earth intensity levels. This ensures that a broad spectrum of electromagnetic energy is delivered to the cell membrane. The cell membrane receptors selectively respond to signal shapes and frequencies that they need to derive optimum health.
The iMRS 2000 complex sawtooth signal has 4-5 layers of pulsetrains making is VERY complex and will deliver a very wide sprectrum of frequencies, amplitudes and changing polarization.
To Use the iMRS 2000 Morning Setting As An Example of Signal Complexity.
Rest time and fall time... Like Working out.
GOAL:
Cycling Through Biologically Active Amplitudes
Sweeping different Tissue Resonant Frequencies
Trying all orientations and polarization angles
Example of a Complex Pulsetrain and Why its Important
One of the reasons I REALLY like the iMRS 2000, is that it delivers the widest range of time varying impulses and amplitudes within known biological windows of 0-50 Hz and Earth intensity levels. This ensures that a broad spectrum of electromagnetic energy is delivered to the cell membrane. The cell membrane receptors selectively respond to signal shapes and frequencies that they need to derive optimum health.
The iMRS 2000 complex sawtooth signal has 4-5 layers of pulsetrains making is VERY complex and will deliver a very wide sprectrum of frequencies, amplitudes and changing polarization.
To Use the iMRS 2000 Morning Setting As An Example of Signal Complexity.
7. Biorhythm Clock
Uses Established Brain State Frequencies for Different Times of Day.
Beta in the morning, Delta at night.
**Use a spectrum Analyzer to see Spectral Content - Shows Frequency spectrum and dominant frequencies in spectrum.
**Use filters to boost frequency bands
Uses Established Brain State Frequencies for Different Times of Day.
Beta in the morning, Delta at night.
**Use a spectrum Analyzer to see Spectral Content - Shows Frequency spectrum and dominant frequencies in spectrum.
**Use filters to boost frequency bands
Why a Biorhythm Clock is Important?
Not only do you need a PEMF therapy device to give you the right frequency range (0-30 Hz), but you also need a built in biorhythm clock to give you the RIGHT frequency for the time of day.
For example, in the morning, you probably want to be awake and alert so a Beta frequency (12-30 Hz) would be appropriate whereas before bedtime you will probably want to relax and prepare the body and mind for sleep with a theta-delta frequency between 0-7 Hz.
It's interesting to note that even the earth's frequencies slow down a bit on the dark side of the earth, whereas in daylight the frequencies are slightly higher.
So even though the body resonates to all frequencies in the 0-30 range, its ideal to use settings that are in alignment with the time of day and the wave patterns of the circadian rhythms of the mind and body.
For example, in the morning, you probably want to be awake and alert so a Beta frequency (12-30 Hz) would be appropriate whereas before bedtime you will probably want to relax and prepare the body and mind for sleep with a theta-delta frequency between 0-7 Hz.
It's interesting to note that even the earth's frequencies slow down a bit on the dark side of the earth, whereas in daylight the frequencies are slightly higher.
So even though the body resonates to all frequencies in the 0-30 range, its ideal to use settings that are in alignment with the time of day and the wave patterns of the circadian rhythms of the mind and body.
9. Quality, Warranty and Value - Made in China vs Quality European/U.S. Do not settle for cheap!
Stratavasious expensive... Why so much better? Cannot reproduce them.
Simply listen and hear the difference.
Cheaper still makes music.
How to make it work really really well.
Ultimately a better PEMF device is like Steinway Piano or a Stratavasious Violin.
The quality of the sound signal is obvious to anyone who can listen compared to cheaper pianos and violins.
Simply listen and hear the difference.
Cheaper PEMFs like cheaper instruments still makes music. But the quality and benefits will not be the same.
(not the cheapest, but best value/dollar)
Price is always a big issue, but don’t confuse price with cost. If a device is priced at say $4000 and re- ally, really works to the extent that it helps prevent a $4000 surgery, how much does the unit really COST? Not to mention the pain relief and added benefits that can come with a good PEMF device. Don’t settle for a cheap machine that will yield lit- tle or no results, because they actually could end up “COSTING” you more.
Cheap Chinese Made PEMF devices like Healthywave, Healthyline are cheap for a reason.
Stratavasious expensive... Why so much better? Cannot reproduce them.
Simply listen and hear the difference.
Cheaper still makes music.
How to make it work really really well.
Ultimately a better PEMF device is like Steinway Piano or a Stratavasious Violin.
The quality of the sound signal is obvious to anyone who can listen compared to cheaper pianos and violins.
Simply listen and hear the difference.
Cheaper PEMFs like cheaper instruments still makes music. But the quality and benefits will not be the same.
(not the cheapest, but best value/dollar)
Price is always a big issue, but don’t confuse price with cost. If a device is priced at say $4000 and re- ally, really works to the extent that it helps prevent a $4000 surgery, how much does the unit really COST? Not to mention the pain relief and added benefits that can come with a good PEMF device. Don’t settle for a cheap machine that will yield lit- tle or no results, because they actually could end up “COSTING” you more.
Cheap Chinese Made PEMF devices like Healthywave, Healthyline are cheap for a reason.
10. Proven and Reputable Company with Good Warranty
Perhaps the most important consideration in investing in a PEMF device is looking for an established company with a long track record, constant innovation and a good reputation. Make sure the unit you buy is with a company that is always improving to make their product better. Unfortunately there are a lot of units on the market that have not changed since their inception or changed very little. And many others quickly come on the PEMF scene and go out of business. The best companies stick around are ALWAYS researching and working on ways to improve their technology.
11) It is FDA Registered with other Quality Safety Certificates and Ratings
There are only a couple PEMF therapy devices for home use that are registered with the FDA which means they are FDA listed, FDA compliant and have met a stringent set of criteria necessary to be a medical device. If a pulsed magnetic therapy device is FDA registered, you can be assured it is manufactured with the highest quality electronic standards and meets all safety requirements.
Also, when you buy a PEMF device, you want to make SURE you have expert support available because everyone is unique and has a certain body type and every illness is different and requires a different protocol.
There are only a couple PEMF therapy devices for home use that are registered with the FDA which means they are FDA listed, FDA compliant and have met a stringent set of criteria necessary to be a medical device. If a pulsed magnetic therapy device is FDA registered, you can be assured it is manufactured with the highest quality electronic standards and meets all safety requirements.
Also, when you buy a PEMF device, you want to make SURE you have expert support available because everyone is unique and has a certain body type and every illness is different and requires a different protocol.
12. Does it Work - Research & Testimonials
Does it make you feel better? Does it make you healthier.
I have a secret frequency.
Big secret is waveform to induce energy in cells.
Square changes have really high frequencies.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwM1JFCyRaOXao6vTWzzEvO--48_qPfKT
Does it make you feel better? Does it make you healthier.
I have a secret frequency.
Big secret is waveform to induce energy in cells.
Square changes have really high frequencies.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwM1JFCyRaOXao6vTWzzEvO--48_qPfKT
13. Is it safe by ICNIRP, DIN, IEEE and other international Safety Standards.
Low Intensity and Low Frequency to be safe by ICNIRP standards... This will also make the PEMF devices electrosmog free.
Is it Safe?
Safety - ICNIRP - 5000 uT max 0-25 Hz / 5uT over 25 Hz
DIN - 400 uT any Frequency
WHO - 100 uT/1 Gauss @ 50 Hz
The Device Should be strong enough to handle problem areas yet safe enough to be in compli- ance with U.S and DIN safety standards. The DIN 0848 safety standard says the intensity should never exceed 400uT or 4 Gauss.
But even better recommendations (because frequency is also taken into effect) are given by the INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON‐IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION (ICNIRP). The ICNIRP is a world-wide authority on safety related to elec- tromagnetic energy. The EU and FDA both rely on their findings. According to the ICNIRP, the limiting values for safety of time varying PEMF are depend- ent on both the frequency (usually measureed in Hz) and the flux density (or Intensity - measured in microtesla).
The higher the applied frequency the lower the limit value for intensity that is safe. This means, if you apply a very low frequency (like the earth fre- quency range 1-25 Hz) you are allowed to apply higher intensities.
Critical Point:
The limited value according to the ICNIRP for low frequency, time varying PEMF in the range from 0 till 25 HZ is 5000 microTesla
If the Frequency is OVER 25 Hz, the limit value for safety is ONLY 5 micro Tesla!
It means, that the ICNIRP assumes, that time varying PEMF over 25 HZ with a higher inten- sity than 5 micro Telsa can create damage
(Note: the Earth’s NATURAL magnetic field is roughly 30- 70 microtesla and the Natural frequencies are roughly 0-25 Hz).
Some devices on the market have intensities that are way too high. And most PEMF devices uses frequencies that are WAY above 25 Hz. Don’t be fooled by companies that tell you that you need a stronger intensity to get results. The key is fre- quency resonance, not intensity. So look for a de- vice that uses frequencies and intensities close to what the earth provides. The iMRS is the ONLY whole body mat PEMF device that meets these requirements (because it uses frequencies and in- tensities that are in alignment with the earth).
Low Intensity and Low Frequency to be safe by ICNIRP standards... This will also make the PEMF devices electrosmog free.
Low Intensity and Low Frequency to be safe by ICNIRP standards... This will also make the PEMF devices electrosmog free.
Is it Safe?
Safety - ICNIRP - 5000 uT max 0-25 Hz / 5uT over 25 Hz
DIN - 400 uT any Frequency
WHO - 100 uT/1 Gauss @ 50 Hz
The Device Should be strong enough to handle problem areas yet safe enough to be in compli- ance with U.S and DIN safety standards. The DIN 0848 safety standard says the intensity should never exceed 400uT or 4 Gauss.
But even better recommendations (because frequency is also taken into effect) are given by the INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON‐IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION (ICNIRP). The ICNIRP is a world-wide authority on safety related to elec- tromagnetic energy. The EU and FDA both rely on their findings. According to the ICNIRP, the limiting values for safety of time varying PEMF are depend- ent on both the frequency (usually measureed in Hz) and the flux density (or Intensity - measured in microtesla).
The higher the applied frequency the lower the limit value for intensity that is safe. This means, if you apply a very low frequency (like the earth fre- quency range 1-25 Hz) you are allowed to apply higher intensities.
Critical Point:
The limited value according to the ICNIRP for low frequency, time varying PEMF in the range from 0 till 25 HZ is 5000 microTesla
If the Frequency is OVER 25 Hz, the limit value for safety is ONLY 5 micro Tesla!
It means, that the ICNIRP assumes, that time varying PEMF over 25 HZ with a higher inten- sity than 5 micro Telsa can create damage
(Note: the Earth’s NATURAL magnetic field is roughly 30- 70 microtesla and the Natural frequencies are roughly 0-25 Hz).
Some devices on the market have intensities that are way too high. And most PEMF devices uses frequencies that are WAY above 25 Hz. Don’t be fooled by companies that tell you that you need a stronger intensity to get results. The key is fre- quency resonance, not intensity. So look for a de- vice that uses frequencies and intensities close to what the earth provides. The iMRS is the ONLY whole body mat PEMF device that meets these requirements (because it uses frequencies and in- tensities that are in alignment with the earth).
Low Intensity and Low Frequency to be safe by ICNIRP standards... This will also make the PEMF devices electrosmog free.
14) Where to Buy - Look for Best Training and Support!!
My story of the oscilloscope
The Question You Forgot To Ask:
What Kind of Training and Support Do You Include?
Don't BUT Off EBAY AND AMAZON!!
This question is not numbered because it is perhaps the most important. Most of the devices on the market will offer some sort of benefit with the right training and support.
When you buy a PEMF device, you want to make SURE you have expert support available because everyone is unique and has a certain body type and every illness is different and requires a different protocol.
So please listen to this tip above all else: Find a company, distributor or product that offers EX- PERT training and support by someone who has at least a couple years experience working with a wide range of body types and disease conditions.
My story of the oscilloscope
The Question You Forgot To Ask:
What Kind of Training and Support Do You Include?
Don't BUT Off EBAY AND AMAZON!!
This question is not numbered because it is perhaps the most important. Most of the devices on the market will offer some sort of benefit with the right training and support.
When you buy a PEMF device, you want to make SURE you have expert support available because everyone is unique and has a certain body type and every illness is different and requires a different protocol.
So please listen to this tip above all else: Find a company, distributor or product that offers EX- PERT training and support by someone who has at least a couple years experience working with a wide range of body types and disease conditions.
Conclusion:
***The IDEAL PEMF Device***
NOT Intensity and Frequency (those are averages and static)
-->Waveform/Pulsetrain and Frequency Spectrum over space and time.
The ideal PEMF therapy device uses a low intensity, rapid rise and fall waveform (like a sawtooth or squarewave) within a complex pulsetrain (to prevent habituation and cellular fatigue) which delivers a WIDE spectrum of biologically active frequencies in the natural earth spectrum (0-50 Hz) for maximum tissue and cellular resonances.
To effectively transmit this ideal signal with the highest fidelity you need large tightly wound pure copper coils within a full body mat to cover the whole body and you also want local applicators for localized issues also using tightly wound copper coils. It is shocking how few PEMF devices do this right.
After owning, researching and testing over 20 PEMF devices, there is only one or two PEMF devices available in the U.S. that does all of this effectively which I will reveal at the end.
***The IDEAL PEMF Device***
NOT Intensity and Frequency (those are averages and static)
-->Waveform/Pulsetrain and Frequency Spectrum over space and time.
The ideal PEMF therapy device uses a low intensity, rapid rise and fall waveform (like a sawtooth or squarewave) within a complex pulsetrain (to prevent habituation and cellular fatigue) which delivers a WIDE spectrum of biologically active frequencies in the natural earth spectrum (0-50 Hz) for maximum tissue and cellular resonances.
To effectively transmit this ideal signal with the highest fidelity you need large tightly wound pure copper coils within a full body mat to cover the whole body and you also want local applicators for localized issues also using tightly wound copper coils. It is shocking how few PEMF devices do this right.
After owning, researching and testing over 20 PEMF devices, there is only one or two PEMF devices available in the U.S. that does all of this effectively which I will reveal at the end.
Inverse relation between time and frequency.
Frequency is cycles per second but in signal processing it is easier to think of frequency of how fast a signal is changing.
Example, Playing a Video or Song at Double Speed.For example lets say you listen to a song on regular speed |>
And for simplicity lets say the song looks like the box on the right top row in the time domain and the triangle on the left top row in frequency domain.
NOW if we take the same song at double speed |>|>
The song will play more quickly in time (double speed a 2 minute song will finish in 1 minute). BUT in the frequency domain, the higher speed song is 2x a wide!!
This is an everyday application of signal processing. Think of frequency as how fast a signal is changing in this example, how fast a song is playing.
Heartrate is something that is in the time domain and an EKG can visually show you that.
Heart Rate Variability is in the frequency Domain and shows how quickly the heart can speed up or slow down.
Frequency is cycles per second but in signal processing it is easier to think of frequency of how fast a signal is changing.
Example, Playing a Video or Song at Double Speed.For example lets say you listen to a song on regular speed |>
And for simplicity lets say the song looks like the box on the right top row in the time domain and the triangle on the left top row in frequency domain.
NOW if we take the same song at double speed |>|>
The song will play more quickly in time (double speed a 2 minute song will finish in 1 minute). BUT in the frequency domain, the higher speed song is 2x a wide!!
This is an everyday application of signal processing. Think of frequency as how fast a signal is changing in this example, how fast a song is playing.
Heartrate is something that is in the time domain and an EKG can visually show you that.
Heart Rate Variability is in the frequency Domain and shows how quickly the heart can speed up or slow down.
Notice the lines corresponding to each frequency component in the above picture. That is the frequency spectrum. It tells us how much each frequency component contributes to the original signal.
Let's briefly look at a practical example of this because it is SOO important in PEMF therapy and energy medicine to understand complex signals.
In earth quake prone areas, house are built to resist shock waves. But the earthquake is not a single frequency signal, just as good PEMF are not.
Earthquakes have many frequency components and it's not possible to design houses that are resistant to the entire wave. To overcome this difficulty, seismographs and structural engineers, so Fourier Analysis on earthquake waves (that is, they convert from the TIME domain to Frequency domain and USE the frequency spectrum obtained, to figure out the dominant components in the wave.
This way it is possible to design houses that are resistant to these particular frequency components in the wave.
The other smaller components don't have any significant impact so they can be ignored.
Now you might say, wait, I see the peaks on the actual Earthquake waves... AHH, what you are seeing is NOT the frequency but simply the overall wave plotted VS time. That peak amplitude could contain a huge bundle of frequencies.
Let's briefly look at a practical example of this because it is SOO important in PEMF therapy and energy medicine to understand complex signals.
In earth quake prone areas, house are built to resist shock waves. But the earthquake is not a single frequency signal, just as good PEMF are not.
Earthquakes have many frequency components and it's not possible to design houses that are resistant to the entire wave. To overcome this difficulty, seismographs and structural engineers, so Fourier Analysis on earthquake waves (that is, they convert from the TIME domain to Frequency domain and USE the frequency spectrum obtained, to figure out the dominant components in the wave.
This way it is possible to design houses that are resistant to these particular frequency components in the wave.
The other smaller components don't have any significant impact so they can be ignored.
Now you might say, wait, I see the peaks on the actual Earthquake waves... AHH, what you are seeing is NOT the frequency but simply the overall wave plotted VS time. That peak amplitude could contain a huge bundle of frequencies.
1) Cycles Through Biologically Active Amplitudes (in line with Earth Intensity)
2) Sweeps through cellular, and Tissue Resonant Frequencies (in line with Earth Frequencies).
3) Uses Established Brain State Frequencies for Different Times of Day.
Beta in the morning, Delta at night.
Putting It ALL Together To Create a Wide Range of Frequencies with Rich Harmonics WITHIN THE BODIES BIOLOGICAL WINDOWS OF FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY- The Multiwave Spectrum of Harmonics of PEMF Device
2) Sweeps through cellular, and Tissue Resonant Frequencies (in line with Earth Frequencies).
3) Uses Established Brain State Frequencies for Different Times of Day.
Beta in the morning, Delta at night.
Putting It ALL Together To Create a Wide Range of Frequencies with Rich Harmonics WITHIN THE BODIES BIOLOGICAL WINDOWS OF FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY- The Multiwave Spectrum of Harmonics of PEMF Device
Frequency Resonances and Harmonics
Use Fourier Transforms to Decompose Waveform in all its constituent frequencies.
Harmonics will depend on waveform and fundamental frequency(s), purity of signal, thickness of coils, number of windings, and how tightly those windings are wound.
The iMRS 2000 has the best configuration and richest spectrum of harmonics I have seen, so lets use as an example...
In 1925, Georges Lakhovsky published a paper and he says in the paper....
“The remedy in my opinion, is not to kill the microbes in contact with the healthy cells but to reinforce the oscillations of the cell either directly by reinforcing the radio activity of the blood or in producing on the cells a direct action by means of the proper rays.” Lakhovsky’s Radio-Cellulo-Oscillator (RCO) produced low frequency ELF all the way through gigahertz radiowaves with lots of “extremely short harmonics.”
Multivitamin vs a whole bunch of different vitamins approach.
Easier, More Effective and works WITH the body, not allopathically or in a way that is ineffective.